Chemistry

Session Opener

Session Objectives

Problems related to 1. Mole concept 2. Stoichiometry

Simple Titrations Find out the concentration of a solution with the help of a solution of known concentration.

N1V1 N2 V2
For mixture of two or more substances
N1V1 + N2V2 + = NV Where V=(V1 + V2 + ..)

Normality of mixing two acids

N1 V1 +N2 V2 N= V1 + V2

Normality of mixing acid and bases

N= N1 V1 - N2 V2 V1 + V2

N2 V2 - N1 V1 or N = V1 + V2

Questions

Illustrative example 1
Find the molality of H2SO4 solution whose specific gravity(density) is 1.98 g/ml and 95% mass by volume H2SO4. Solution: 100 ml solution contains 95 g H2SO4.

Mass of solution = 100 1.98 = 198 g Mass of water = 198 95 = 103 g

moles of solute Molality = mass of solvent in kg 95 1000 Molality = = 9.412 m 98 103

95 Moles of H2SO4 = 98

Illustrative example 2
A sample of H2SO4 (density 1.787 g/ml) is 86% by mass. What is molarity of acid? What volume of this acid has to be used to make 1 L of 0.2 M H2SO4? Solution:
1.7871086 d10% = =15.68 molar M= 98 Molecular mass

Let V1 ml of this H2SO4 are used to prepare 1 L of 0.2 M H2SO4.M1V1 = M2V2

15.68 V1 = 0.2 1000
V1 = 0.21000 =12.75 ml 15.68

Illustrative example 3
A mixture is obtained by mixing 500ml 0.1M H2SO4 and 200ml 0.2M HCl at 250C. Find the normality of the mixture.

Solution:
N V + N1 V1 We know, N = 2 2 V1 + V2

For the mixture, N 500 0.1 2 200 0.2 1 0.2

700

Illustrative example 4
500 ml 0.2 N HCl is neutralized with 250 ml 0.2 N NaOH. What is the strength of the resulting solution?

Solution:
HCl NaOH NaCl H2O
3 Equivalents of HCl 500 0.2 10 eqv

Equivalents of NaOH = 2500.210-3 eqv

3 3 Equivalence of excess HCl (500 0.2 10 250 0.2 10 eqv)

50010-3 103 Normality of HCl (excess) = = 0.067 N 750

Strength of HCl = .067 36.5 g/litre = 2.44 g/litre

Solution

Normality of HCl (excess),

N1 V1 - N2 V2 N= V1 + V2

0.2 1 500 - 0.2 1 250 N= 500 + 250

N = 2.44 N

Strength of HCl = .067 36.5 grams/litre

= 2.44 grams/litre

Illustrative example 5
Calculate the empirical formula of a mineral having the following composition CaO=48.0% ;P2O5=41.3% ; CaCl210.7%

Constituents

%tage

Mol. Mass 56 142 111

Relative no. of const. Simple ratio % = Mol. mass

CaO P2O5 CaCl2

48.0 41.3 10.7

48.0/56=0.857 41.3/142=0.291 10.7/111=0.096

9 3 1

Illustrative example 6
1.5 g of an impure sample of sodium sulpate dissolved in water was treated with excess of barium chloride solution when 1.74 g of BaSO4 were obtained as dry precipitate. Calculate the percentage purity of the sample.
223 32 16 4 142 gm

Na2SO4

BaCl2

137 32 416 233 gm

142 1.74 1.06 gm 233

BaSO4

2NaCl

233 gm of BaSO4 is produced from 142 gmNa2SO4 1.74 gm of BaSO4 is produced from

The mass of pure Na2SO4 in 1.5 gm of impure sample is 1.06 gm %tage purity of Na2SO4 1.06 100 70.67 % 1.5

Illustrative example 7
A solid mixture weighing 5.00 g containing lead nitrate and sodium nitrate was heated below 6000C until the mass of the residue was constant. If the loss of mass is 28%, find the mass of lead nitrate and sodium nitrate in the mixture.
2[207(14 48)2 ] 662

2Pb(NO3)2

2(207 16) 446

2PbO

4NO2 O2

Let the mass of Pb(NO3)2 x gm Let the mass of NaNO3 5 x gm

662 gm of Pb(NO3) gives residue 446 gm x gm of Pb(NO3 ) gives residue 446 x gm 662 0.674 x gm

Solution
2NaNO3

2[23 14 48] 170 gm

2(23 14 32)138 gm

2NaNO2

O2

170 gm of NaNO3 gives residue 138 gm (5 x) gm of NaNO3 gives residue 138 (5 x) gm 170 0.812(5 x) gm

28 ) 100 3.6 gm 100 0.674x 0.812(5 x) 3.6 or 0.318x 0.46 or x 3.33 gm Pb(NO3 )2 in mixture 3.33 gm Actual residue obtained (5
and NaNO3 in mixture 5 3.33 1.67 gm

Illustrative example 8
What volume of oxygen is required to effect complete combustion of 200 cm3 of acetylene and what would be the volume of CO2 formed?

2 volume 5 volume

2C2H2

5O2

4CO2 2H2O
4 volume

According to Gay lussac ' s law of gaseous volumes 2 volume of C2H2 require 5 volume of O2 for complete combustion
200 cm3 of C2H2 require 5 200 500 cm3 at STP 2 2 volume of produce CO2 4 volume 4 200 cm3 of C2H2 produce CO2 200 400 cm3 at STP 2

Illustrative example 9
The formula weight of an acid is 82.0 in a titration.100 cm3 of a solution of this acid containing 39.0 g of the acid per litre were completely neutralised by 95.0 cm3 of aqueous NaOH containing 40.0 g of NaOH per litre. What is the basicity of the acid? Solution: Let requirement wt. of acid =E
Normality of acid 39 / E Equivalent wt. of NaOH 40 /1 Normality of NaOH 40 / 40 1

Solution
(acid)

N1V1 N2V2

(NaOH)

39 100 1 95 E E 41.0

Basicity of acid

Formula wt. 82.0 2 Eq. wt 41.0

Illustrative example 10
Calculate approximate molecular mass of dry air containing 78% N2 and 22% O2.

Solution:
Molecular mass 28 78 22 32 28.88 100 100

Illustrative example 11
Calculate atomic mass of element X and Y given that Composition of X=9.76% Relative no. of atoms of X=0.406 Composition of Y=26.01 Relative no. of atoms of Y=1.625

Solution:
%tage of element 9.76 Atomic mass of X 24 Relative no. of Atoms of X 0.406

%tage of element 26.01 Atomic mass of Y 16 Relative no. of Atoms in Y 1.625

Illustrative example 12
The molality of a solution of ethyl alcohol (C2H5OH) in water is 1.55m.How many grams of ethyl alcohol are dissolved in 2kg of water?

Solution:
1000 gm of H2O contain 1.55mol of ethyl alcohol 1.55 2000 3.10 mol 1000 Mass of ethyl alcohol 3.10 46 142.6 gm 2000 gmof H2O contain

Illustrative example 13
You are given 1 litre of 0.15 M HCl and 1 litre of 0.40 M HCl. What is the maximum volume of 0.25 M HCl which you can make from these solutions without adding any water?

Solution:
Volume of 0.25 M HCl cant be more than 2 litres because no water is added
X litre of 0.40M HCl be added to 1L 0.15 M HCl
M1V1 M2V2 M3V3

0.15 1 0.40 X 0.25 (1 X) 0.15 X 0.10 X 0.10 0.667litre 0.15

Total volume of 0.25M solution 1 X 1 0.667 1.667

Illustrative example 14
How many ml of H2SO4 of density 1.8 g/ml containing 92.5% by volume of H2SO4 should be added to 1 litre of 40% solution of H2SO4 ( density 1.30 g/ml) in order to prepare 50% solution of H2SO4 (density 1.4 g/ml).
Molarity(M1) of solution containing 92.5% of H2SO4 vol. of H2SO4 Density 1000 92.5 1.8 1000 16.99M 98 100 98 100

Molarity(M2 ) of solution containing 40% of H2SO4 40 1.3 1000 5.31M 98 100 Molarity(M) of solution containing 50% of H2SO4 50 1.4 1000 7.14M 98 100

Solution

Let V L of solution with molarity (M1) is added to 1L of solution with molarity (M2 ) to prepare(1 V)L of solution with molarity M, then
M1V1 M2V2 MV 16.99 V 5.31 1 7.14(1 V) 9.85V 1.83 V 1.83 0.186L 9.85 V 0.186L or 186 ml

Illustrative example 15
Gastric juice contains about 3.0 g of HCl per litre. If a person produces about 2.5 litre of gastric juice per day, how many antacid tablets each containing 400 mg of Al(OH)3 are needed to neutralize all the HCl produced in one day?

Solution:

3(35.11) 27 3(16 1) 109.5 78 g

3HCl Al(OH)3 AlCl3 3H2O

Amount of HCl produced ina day 2.5 3 7.5g

Now 109.5 g of HCl require Al(OH)3 78 g

7.5 g of HCl will require Al(OH)3 Number of tablets required

78 7.5 5.34 g 109.5

5.34 13.35 14 tablets 0.4

Illustrative example 16
Calculate the number of Cl ions in 100 ml of 0.001 M HCl solution.

Solution:
HCl is a strong acid, it ionises completely

Conc. of HCl is equal to that of Cl ions

1000ml of 0.001M HCl solution contains Cl 0.001 mole
100 ml of 0.001M HCl solution contains Cl 0.001 100 1000

No. of Cl ions 6.023 1023 1.0 10 4 6.023 1019

1 104 mole

Group 1 elements (Alkali metals)

He Li Na K Rb Cs Fr Helena kabr se farar

Group 2 elements (Alkaline earth metals)

Bear mugs can serve bar rats Be Mg Ca Sr Ba

Ra

Group 13 elements (Boron family)

Bob Allen Gave Indians Tennis Lessons B
Al Ga In Tl

Group 14 elements (Carbon family)

Can sily or Genius snatch lead

C Si Ge

Sn Pb

Group 15 elements (Nitrogen family)

Never put arsenic in silver bullet bear N P As Sb Bi

Group-16 elements (Oxygen family)

O
S

Oh, she sells tie Poles

Se
Te Po

Group-17 elements (Halogen family)

F Cl Br I At

Fat Clyde bribed Innocent Atul

Group-18 elements (The Noble Gas)

He Ne

He needs our crazy Xerox repairman

Ar Kr
Xe Rn

Thank you