Basic Heat Transfer Concepts

2006 Armstrong International, Inc.

Basic Heat Transfer Concepts

TAir TSteam
Tsteam >>> TAir And Their Relationships to Heating Coil Selection

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David M. Armstrong

Heat Transfer
Only occurs when there is a temperature difference Flows faster when this difference is higher

Always flows from high to low temperature

Is greater with greater surface area Some materials transfer heat better than others

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David M. Armstrong

Heat Flows from High to Low

TAir

TSteam

Tsteam >>> TAir

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David M. Armstrong

Thermal Conductivity of Common Coil Materials

Material Copper Aluminum Steel Cupro-Nickle 90/10 Cupro-Nickle 70/30 Stainless Steel

Thermal Conductivity 2724 1536 314 310 200 108

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David M. Armstrong

To Get More Heat Transfer From Bare Tubes . . .

Add Fins to Increase Surface Area

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David M. Armstrong

Relative Heat Transfer:

Identical Coils w/Different Tube Materials

Tube Material Copper Aluminum Steel Stainless Steel

Relative HT Capacity 1.00 1.00 0.98 0.95

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David M. Armstrong

Relative Heat Transfer:

Identical Coils w/Material Combinations*
Tube Material Steel Steel Stainless Steel Fin Material Copper Keyfin Aluminum Keyfin Aluminum Keyfin Relative HT Capacity 1.05 1.00 0.94

Steel
Stainless Steel

Steel L Fin
Stainless Steel L Fin

0.92
0.58

*At 800 FPM, 7FPI & 55 psig

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David M. Armstrong

Heat Transfer Equation

Q = U x A x LMTD where Q = Heat Transfer Rate (BTU/hr)

U = Heat Transfer Coefficient (BTU/hr/ft2/F)

A = Surface Area (ft2) LMTD = Log Mean Temperature Difference (b/w the Steam and the Air)

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David M. Armstrong

Assembly Concepts

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David M. Armstrong

10

2002 Armstrong International, Inc.

Bare Tube Coils

Heat Exchange = U x Surface Area x T

Surface Area 1'' Pipe = 1 Sq Ft / Linear Ft

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David M. Armstrong

11

Extended Surface Coils

Fin Element

Plate Fin

Wound Fin

Fin Area >>>>> Tube Area Tube is Irrelevant in Heat Transfer

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David M. Armstrong

12

Coil Construction
1 Inch 4 FPI

7 FPI

4 Tubes in the Face

6 Tubes in the Face

Steam Conn. Finned Tube Cond. Header Steam Header

Cond. Conn. 1, 2, and 3 Row Coils

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David M. Armstrong

13

Casings and Air Baffles

Coil Casings
Flanges Casing Depth

Mounting Holes Side Baffle Header Baffle

Air Baffles

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David M. Armstrong

14

Coil Casing Types

Turned-Out Flange
Standard Flange for Duct-Mounted Coils

Turned-In Flange
Used w/ Removable Coils or Where mounting holes are not needed & smooth casing face is wanted

1-1/2

3/4 7/16"

Dimensions & Spacing

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David M. Armstrong

15

Removable (Drawer) Coils

Bolt Holes

Lifting Lug

Mounting Plate

Core installed in a casing w/ flanges on 3 sides and a mounting place on the 4th side Coil slides into outer casing like a drawer

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David M. Armstrong

16

Coil Configuration
Horizontal Air Flow
Horizontal Tubes
Steam Condensate

Air Inlet

Air Outlet

Vertical Tubes

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David M. Armstrong

17

Coil Configuration
Air Outlet Side

Vertical Up Air Flow Horizontal Tubes

Air Inlet Side

Air Inlet Side

Vertical Down Air Flow Horizontal Tubes

Air Outlet Side

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David M. Armstrong

18

Parallel Multiple Coils

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David M. Armstrong

19

Series Multiple Coils

Steam Supply End

Air Flow

Condensate Return End

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David M. Armstrong

20

Multiple Coil Installation

4 Coils in Parallel x 3 Coils in Series

Common steam supply OK 12 Coils Total Drain each coil separately 12 Traps may discharge to common Header

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David M. Armstrong

21

Heavy Duty Construction

Min. 0.016 Thick Fins on 12 Ga. CS 0.109 Thick Tubes

12 Ga. Casing and Baffles

Sch 80 Connections

Sch 40 Headers

250 psig Standard Pressure Rating

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David M. Armstrong

22

Heavy Duty Construction

Header, Connections & Tubes (wetted parts) Same Material
No Galvanic Corrosion

All Joints Welded

No Leaks

Thicker Materials
Fights Corrosion

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David M. Armstrong

23

Model Number Selection

Extended Surface (Fin Tube) Heating Coils

Which Fin Type?

Standard KeyFin Tight joint over wide temperature range

Best for dissimilar tube and fin materials

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David M. Armstrong

26

Which Fin Type?

L-Fin L-shaped foot tension wound over knurled tube Best for same material tubes & fins Large contact area for high heat transfer Some corrosion protection for tube

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David M. Armstrong

27

Tube Materials
Carbon Steel
Affords both strength & corrosion resistance
Standard Optional 12 Ga A-214 ERW (1 or 1 OD) 10 Ga A-214 ERW 10 Ga or 12 Ga A-179 Seamless

Stainless Steel (304L or 316L)

When corrosive steam is present or when ideal piping & trapping practices cannot be followed
14 Ga (1 OD) & 12 Ga (1 OD)

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David M. Armstrong

28

Fin Materials
Steel Fins stand up against aggressive cleaning 0.024 Thick on 1 OD or 1 1/2 OD Tubes 0.036 Thick on 1 OD Tubes Aluminum Fins provide the best overall value 0.020 Thick Keyfin on all Tube Sizes 0.030 Thick Keyfin on all Tube Sizes Stainless Steel Fins fight high external corrosion 0.020 Thick Type 304L & 316L on 1 OD Tubes Copper Fins provide the best heat transfer 0.016 Thick on All Tube Sizes

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David M. Armstrong

29

Conns/Headers/Casing
Headers Same Material As Tubes With Welded Construction Connections Steel: Sch 80 (screwed) or Sch 40 (flanged) Stainless Steel: Sch 40 (screwed) or Sch 10 (flanged) Casing 12 Ga. Galvanized Steel or 12 Ga Stainless Steel

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David M. Armstrong

30

Coil Type
Standard (Type S)

Centifeed (Type C)
Tendam (Type T)

Centifeed Tandem (Type P)

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David M. Armstrong

31

AIR FLOW

Type S coils are available with opposite-end connections only

Type C coils are available with same-end connections only

AIR FLOW

2-Row Standard Coil

2-Row Centifeed Coil

AIR FLOW

Type T coils have opposite-end connections

Type P coils have same-end connections

Armstrong Promise
We provide intelligent system solutions that improve utility performance, lower energy consumption, and reduce environmental emissions . . . while providing an enjoyable experience!

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David M. Armstrong

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Expect many enjoyable experiences!

David M. Armstrong