A group of two or more devices, that are able to communicate with one another: The telephone network: interconnection of telephones and switches Computer network A combination of computers connected through transmission media.
LAN (Local Area Network) MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) WAN (Wide Area Network)
Network Devices
Wire Wireless
Video file
Computer Networks
The computers in a network are connected via hardware and software. Hardware Physically connects the computers together telephone lines, fiber-optic cables, routers and gateways, and the computers themselves Software Enables communication and exchange of information,by following a set of rules, called protocols
To reduce their design complexity, most network protocols are organized as a series of layers or levels
Digital - analog
I used to wonder how could we sent pictures , videos through a metallic wire? Sending sound was no magic! for we knew it
Physical
transmit a bit stream over a physical medium.
2.
Data-Link
3.
Network
Source-to-destination delivery of a packet.
4.
Transport
Source-to-destination delivery of the entire message.
5.
Session
Establishes, maintains, and synchronizes the dialog between communicating systems.
6.
Presentation
Deals with the fact that different systems use different coding methods.
7.
Application
Enables the user to access the network.
Client:
Client/Server Computing
Responds by sending the requested information back to the client computer Internet applications uses client/server model
Server:
Internet
It is the largest network in the world that connects hundreds of thousands of individual networks all over the world. The popular term for the Internet is the information highway. Rather than moving through geographical space, it moves your ideas and information through cyberspace the space of electronic movement of ideas and information.
ARCHITECTURE OF INTERNET
VIDEO FILE
A commercial organization with permanent connection to the Internet that sell temporary connections to subscribers. Examples: Prodigy, America Online, Microsoft network, AT&T Networks.
Internet layer
Packet switching(game)
Transport layer
TCP- CONNECTION ORIENTED UDP-CONNECTIONLESS
Video file
TCP/IP
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) Breaks the higher level stream into IP datagrams Verifies that all packets arrive at their destination Resends anything that gets lost TCP packets might take different routes Reassembles the data in correct order at receiver
Suitable for some types of services, in particular those with real-time constraints Media streaming Some types of networked games
S
Circuit Switching
D
telephone network
S
Packet Switching Internet
Packet Structure
Header
S
...
Data
to address
Version number
CONTENTS
166.45.18.99
204.146.165.100
hello
An Internet Packet
IP Addressing
IP address consists of 4 octets:
n.n.n.n
where n is in the range 0 to 255 This form of IP address is known as IPv4, denoting IP address Version 4 A new form of IP address known as IPv6, denoting IP address Version 6, has been proposed. It uses 128-bit addressing instead of 32-bit addressing.
Internet Addressing
A way to locate computers, people, and resources on the Internet
comp1.sales.google.com
Because it would be incredibly difficult for Internet users to remember strings of 12 numbers, a Domain Name System (DNS) converts IP addresses to domain names. The domain name is the English-like name that corresponds to the unique 32-bit numeric Internet Protocol (IP) address for each computer connected to the Internet. DNS servers maintain a database containing IP addresses mapped to their corresponding domain names. To access a computer on the Internet, users need only specify its domain name
The Domain Name System is a hierarchical system with a root domain, top-level domains, second-level domains, and host computers at the third level. .com -Commercial organizations/businesses .edu Educational institutions .gov U.S. government agencies .mil U.S. military .net Network computers .org -Nonprofit organizations and foundations
protocol
http://www.chicagosymphony.org/civicconcerts/index.htm
Domain name filename
IPv6
Internet was not originally designed to handle massive quantities of data and billions of users. sheer Internet population growth, the world is running out of available IP addresses using this scheme InternetProtocol version 6 (IPv6) and contains 128-bit addresses (2 to the power of 128), or over a quadrillion possible unique addresses Internet 2and NGI --- 2 - 9.6Gbps
What is Hypertext?
Hypertext is a method of presenting information, where selected words in text can be expanded at any time to provide other information about the word. Those words are links to other documents which may be text, file, pictures etc., Links can be identified by highlighted (underlined) and coloured text.
HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) is the language used to create WWW pages and associated links.
URLs (Uniform Resource Locators) are the addresses of the WWW pages To view / read the WWW pages you must have a special application i.e. a web browser A Web browser is an application program that provides a way to look at and interact with all the information on the World Wide Web. Technically, a Web browser is a client program that uses the HTTP to make requests of Web servers throughout the Internet on behalf of the browser user and then displays web pages by interpreting the HTML that is used to build these pages on the web. HTTP is the communications standard used to transfer pages on the Web. To publish and deliver information on the web you need a web Server
A web server is a program that runs on web sites and is responsible for replying to a web browsers request for files Eg: apache The Web works on a client / server model in which client software (Browser) runs on a local computer.
Common Web Browsers Mosaic first graphical browser Netscape Navigator (First commercial browser) Internet Explorer (Microsofts browser) Google chrome Mozilla fire fox
Search engines the killer app 1994-yahoo 1998- Sergy Brin, Larry Page google Page ranking concept Page ranking software measures the importance or popularity of each page by solving an equation with more than 500 million variables and 2 billion terms Search engine marketing Sponsored and organic links
How it works?
EXTRANET A firm can create an extranet to allow authorized vendors and customers to have limited access to its internal intranet The company can use firewalls to ensure that access to its internal data is limited and remains secure +authentication Extranets often are employed for collaborating with other companies for supply chain management, product design and development, and training efforts.