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INTERNET

A group of two or more devices, that are able to communicate with one another: The telephone network: interconnection of telephones and switches Computer network A combination of computers connected through transmission media.
LAN (Local Area Network) MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) WAN (Wide Area Network)

Network Devices
Wire Wireless

Router, Switch, Hub, Modem,

Video file

Computer Networks
The computers in a network are connected via hardware and software. Hardware Physically connects the computers together telephone lines, fiber-optic cables, routers and gateways, and the computers themselves Software Enables communication and exchange of information,by following a set of rules, called protocols

LAYERS & PROTOCOLS


Protocols
A protocol is a standard set of rules that determines how computers communicate with each other across networks A protocol describes:
the format that a message must take the way in which computers must exchange a Message

Layers and Stacks

To reduce their design complexity, most network protocols are organized as a series of layers or levels

Each layer transparently provides services to the layer above it


A group of such levels is called a protocol stack or protocol suite

OSI REFERENCE MODEL

Digital - analog
I used to wonder how could we sent pictures , videos through a metallic wire? Sending sound was no magic! for we knew it

Functions of the Layers


1.

Physical
transmit a bit stream over a physical medium.

2.

Data-Link

Organizes bits into logical units called frames. Node-to-node delivery

3.

Network
Source-to-destination delivery of a packet.

4.

Transport
Source-to-destination delivery of the entire message.

5.

Session
Establishes, maintains, and synchronizes the dialog between communicating systems.

6.

Presentation
Deals with the fact that different systems use different coding methods.

7.

Application
Enables the user to access the network.

Application layer Presentation layer Transport+ network+ link+ physical

Requests ,services or information from a server computer

Client:

Client/Server Computing

Responds by sending the requested information back to the client computer Internet applications uses client/server model

Server:

eg: FTP, E-mail, Web

Internet
It is the largest network in the world that connects hundreds of thousands of individual networks all over the world. The popular term for the Internet is the information highway. Rather than moving through geographical space, it moves your ideas and information through cyberspace the space of electronic movement of ideas and information.

Internet No one owns it


It has no formal management organization. As it was originally developed by the DoD, this lack of centralization made it less vulnerable to wartime or terrorist attacks. To access the Internet, an existing network need to pay a small registration fee and agree to certain standards based on the TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) .

ARCHITECTURE OF INTERNET

VIDEO FILE

A commercial organization with permanent connection to the Internet that sell temporary connections to subscribers. Examples: Prodigy, America Online, Microsoft network, AT&T Networks.

Internet layer
Packet switching(game)

Transport layer
TCP- CONNECTION ORIENTED UDP-CONNECTIONLESS

Video file

TCP/IP
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) Breaks the higher level stream into IP datagrams Verifies that all packets arrive at their destination Resends anything that gets lost TCP packets might take different routes Reassembles the data in correct order at receiver

User Datagram Protocol (UDP)


Unreliable, meaning no guarantees that datagrams:
will arrive at their destination will arrive in the order in which they were sent will arrive intact Less overhead than TCP UDP may perform better than TCP when the network is not congested In the case of congestion, UDP traffic anomalies become visible to application

Suitable for some types of services, in particular those with real-time constraints Media streaming Some types of networked games

Circuit and Packet Switching

S
Circuit Switching

D
telephone network

S
Packet Switching Internet

Packet Structure

Header
S

...

Data

S = Source Address (From) D = Destination Address (To)

Internet Packet Formats


from address

to address

Version number

CONTENTS

166.45.18.99

204.146.165.100

hello

An Internet Packet

IP Addressing
IP address consists of 4 octets:

n.n.n.n
where n is in the range 0 to 255 This form of IP address is known as IPv4, denoting IP address Version 4 A new form of IP address known as IPv6, denoting IP address Version 6, has been proposed. It uses 128-bit addressing instead of 32-bit addressing.

Internet Addressing
A way to locate computers, people, and resources on the Internet

Hosts have a 32 bit IP address 134.226.32.55


Domain name -- comp1.sales.google.com Domain Name System (DNS) servers map domain names to IP addresses ie:
134.226.32.55

comp1.sales.google.com

Because it would be incredibly difficult for Internet users to remember strings of 12 numbers, a Domain Name System (DNS) converts IP addresses to domain names. The domain name is the English-like name that corresponds to the unique 32-bit numeric Internet Protocol (IP) address for each computer connected to the Internet. DNS servers maintain a database containing IP addresses mapped to their corresponding domain names. To access a computer on the Internet, users need only specify its domain name

Domain name system

The Domain Name System is a hierarchical system with a root domain, top-level domains, second-level domains, and host computers at the third level. .com -Commercial organizations/businesses .edu Educational institutions .gov U.S. government agencies .mil U.S. military .net Network computers .org -Nonprofit organizations and foundations

Structure of a Uniform Resource Locators


pathname

protocol

http://www.chicagosymphony.org/civicconcerts/index.htm
Domain name filename

http => Hypertext Transfer Protocol

IPv6
Internet was not originally designed to handle massive quantities of data and billions of users. sheer Internet population growth, the world is running out of available IP addresses using this scheme InternetProtocol version 6 (IPv6) and contains 128-bit addresses (2 to the power of 128), or over a quadrillion possible unique addresses Internet 2and NGI --- 2 - 9.6Gbps

The World Wide Web


The WWW (the Web) is the most popular Internet service. It is a system with universally accepted standards for storing, retrieving, formatting, and displaying information using a client/server architecture. Web pages are formatted using hypertext with embedded links that connect documents to one another and that also link pages to other objects such as sound, video, or animation files. When you click a graphic and a video clip plays, you have clicked a hyperlink. The Web was invented in the period from 1989 to 1991 by Dr. Tim Berners-Lee and his associates at the European Particle Physics Laboratory, better known as CERN.

What is Hypertext?
Hypertext is a method of presenting information, where selected words in text can be expanded at any time to provide other information about the word. Those words are links to other documents which may be text, file, pictures etc., Links can be identified by highlighted (underlined) and coloured text.

HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) is the language used to create WWW pages and associated links.

URLs (Uniform Resource Locators) are the addresses of the WWW pages To view / read the WWW pages you must have a special application i.e. a web browser A Web browser is an application program that provides a way to look at and interact with all the information on the World Wide Web. Technically, a Web browser is a client program that uses the HTTP to make requests of Web servers throughout the Internet on behalf of the browser user and then displays web pages by interpreting the HTML that is used to build these pages on the web. HTTP is the communications standard used to transfer pages on the Web. To publish and deliver information on the web you need a web Server

A web server is a program that runs on web sites and is responsible for replying to a web browsers request for files Eg: apache The Web works on a client / server model in which client software (Browser) runs on a local computer.
Common Web Browsers Mosaic first graphical browser Netscape Navigator (First commercial browser) Internet Explorer (Microsofts browser) Google chrome Mozilla fire fox

Email FTP One of the most popular uses of the internet is to


download/ upload files that is transfer files from a computer on the internet to your computer and vise versa. Telnet -is often thought of as simply providing a facility for remote logins to computer via the Internet. Telnet follows a Client / Server Model.

Searching info on the web


Surface web Deep web

Search engines the killer app 1994-yahoo 1998- Sergy Brin, Larry Page google Page ranking concept Page ranking software measures the importance or popularity of each page by solving an equation with more than 500 million variables and 2 billion terms Search engine marketing Sponsored and organic links

How it works?

Intranet and extranet


Organizations can use Internet networking standards and Web technology to create private networks called intranets. intranet is private and is protected from public visits by firewallssecurity systems with specialized software to prevent outsiders

EXTRANET A firm can create an extranet to allow authorized vendors and customers to have limited access to its internal intranet The company can use firewalls to ensure that access to its internal data is limited and remains secure +authentication Extranets often are employed for collaborating with other companies for supply chain management, product design and development, and training efforts.

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