GEOM3003 Engineering Surveying (Mining)

GEOM3003 Engineering Surveying (Mining)
The previous Slide Set contains: Spatial Information

Terrain Modelling GIS, Geographic Information Systems
This Lecture Notes Slide Set contains:

Introduction to Remote Sensing The next Silde Set contains: Introduction to Photogrametry
School of Geography, Planning and Architecture The University of Queensland Copyright, 2004 Dr Gerd R Dowideit
THE UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND
Engineering Surveying (Mining)
Remote Sensing
Lecture 7, Part 1
Dr Gerd R Dowideit
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Remote Sensing
An Introduction:
What is REMOTE SENSING ?
REMOTE SENSING includes all methods and techniques used to gain qualitative and quantitative information about distant objects without coming into direct contact with these objects. Look-Look, NO Touch
Landsat TM Near IR Band

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Remote Sensing
An Introduction: What is REMOTE SENSING ?

Remote Sensing (RS) methods try to answer four basic questions: HOW MUCH of WHAT is WHERE? What is the SHAPE and EXTENT of ... ? (Area, Boundaries, Lineaments, ...) Has it CHANGED? What is the MIX of Objects

Remote Sensing

HOW MUCH of WHAT is WHERE?
WHAT: Type, Characteristic and Properties of Object. eg. Water, Vegetation, Land; Temperature, Concentration, State of Development; Subtype, Species, Use of ... ; Includes determination of generic object type, character and property as well as its abstract meaning. => DATA INTERPRETATION

Remote Sensing

HOW MUCH of WHAT is WHERE?
HOW MUCH: determine by simple COUNTING, measuring AREA covered or percentage of total area coverage. WHERE: Relate locations and area covered to either a standard map or to the actual location on the ground where the object occurs. NOTE: WHERE also refers to a moment in time

Remote Sensing

What is the SHAPE and EXTENT of ... ? (Area, Boundaries, Lineaments)
This extends the WHERE to be a completely GEOMETRIC problem. MAP PRODUCTION methods are to be applied to the analysis of RS information. These include: Photogrammetric Methods: Identification and Delineation of Boundaries and Lineaments (Roads, Rivers, Fault Lines)

Remote Sensing

Has it CHANGED?
CHANGE may occur with progress of TIME. Change may be detected through comparison of observed states at different moments in time.
=> CHANGE DETECTION

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Remote Sensing

What is the MIX of Objects?
The surface of the Earth is covered by objects like Soil, Water, Grass, Trees, Houses, Roads and so on. These are GENERIC OBJECTS. We know these well, but we also know objects like Open Forest, Residential and Industrial Estates, etc. Each of these ABSTRACT OBJECTS are made up of a typical collection of Generic Objects.

Remote Sensing

Remote Sensing (Look-Look, No Touch) is a much wider field than we will discuss in this lecture Medical Imaging series. We will concentrate on that part of RS dealing with EARTH RESOURCES
Vision
Sound and Radio Wave Detection

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Remote Sensing

What makes it tick ??? (1) RS requires a CARRIER of information, which can bridge distances. (2) RS requires a SENSOR which can detect changes in the carried Signal. (3) RS requires RECORDING, ANALYSIS, INTERPRETATION and REPRESENTATION of the sensed information in a purposeful way. (1) RS requires a CARRIER of information, which can bridge distances. These Carriers of Information are FIELDS of FORCES: * Pressure Wave Fields of Sound, * Gravity Force Fields, * Magnetic Force Fields and * Electro-magnetic Force Fields. The latter are of our main interest, since they include visible and invisible LIGHT.
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Remote Sensing

What makes it tick ??? (1) RS requires a CARRIER of information, which can bridge distances. (2) RS requires a SENSOR which can detect changes in the carried Signal. (3) RS requires RECORDING, ANALYSIS, INTERPRETATION and REPRESENTATION of the sensed information in a purposeful way. (2) RS requires a SENSOR which can detect changes in the carried Signal. Apart from our own eyes and ears, technology has provided us with a multitude of sensors operating in the detection of force fields: microphones, geophones, photographic film, video cameras and photo detectors, radio wave receivers, gravimeters and magnetometers.
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Remote Sensing

What makes it tick ??? (1) RS requires a CARRIER of information, which can bridge distances. (2) RS requires a SENSOR which can detect changes in the carried Signal. (3) RS requires RECORDING, ANALYSIS, INTERPRETATION and REPRESENTATION of the sensed information in a purposeful way. (3) RS requires RECORDING, ANALYSIS, INTERPRETATION and REPRESENTATION of the sensed information in a purposeful way. This is a technique based topic. It is essential for the success or failure of RS in respect of its anticipated purpose. This topic will be dealt with in its main aspects (but not completely).
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Remote Sensing
An Introduction: What is Remote Sensing

Source of Force Field Sensor System eg. Camera
Reflection
DATA ACQUISITION
Resulting RS Data Set eg. Image
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Remote Sensing
An Introduction: What is Remote Sensing

DATA PROCESSING
Interpretation (secondary) Measurements Data Processing & Mapping (geometric) Presentation of Processing Results Explaining deduced OBJECT INFORMATION RS Data Set eg. Image
Model of Real World

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Remote Sensing
Electromagnetic Radiation:
Dispersion of Light through a refractive prism
Fraunhofer discovered black lines in the spectrum of light emitted by various superheated chemical elements. These lines were as Fraunhofer Lines typical for each of the elements as fingerprints for humans.
Chemical Composition of objects effects emitted ER in a unique way for each element.
(found empirically by observation)
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Remote Sensing
Dispersion of Light through a refractive prism
Fraunhofer Lines
In Einstein's formula E = mc^2 E = Energy m = mass (of matter/object) c = propagation velocity of light What does that tell us ? There is a well defined relationship between MATTER, ENERGY and ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION (eg. light)
E = mc
2
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Remote Sensing
The basic building blocks of all matter are ATOMS The basic building blocks of Atoms are the NUCLEUS (Neutrons and Protons) and several ELECTRONS. Electrons are thought to be spinning around the Nucleus at orbits of different, but well pre-defined discrete sequential radii. A change in the energy level contained in an atom (eg. by heating or cooling) changes the balance of forces inside the atom will automatically adept to energy level changes by moving electrons to higher or lower orbits.
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Remote Sensing
The loss of energy from an atom causes electrons to drop back to lower orbits which is of interest to us. One widely accepted theory says, that atoms lose energy in form of Electromagnetic Radiation
One theory explains ER as a WAVE field, Wave another as a field of a stream of PHOTONS, particles so small that they Photon have no mass. Both are said to propagate at light speed.
Energy differential = 1 Plancks Quantum
E = mc^2
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Remote Sensing
Some atoms may have been charged to a higher energy level; pushing electrons further than one orbital level. In turn they can drop back over more than one orbit level: more energy than one Quantum Gerds interpretation: Since c is constant, all photons travel about 300,000 km/sec Those with a higher energy charge will use a Wave more wiggly (thus, longer) wave path than those with lesser charge. Photon
Energy differential = 1 Plancks Quantum
E = mc^2
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Remote Sensing
Wave characteristics: = Wave length = distance between consecutive wave peaks (measured in m) f = frequency = number of wave peaks (wiggles) in the wave train propagating for 1 sec (measured in Hz) =c/f Summing up: High Energy Radiation proceeds at higher frequencies (shorter wavelength compares to low Wave energy radiation. Photon Radiation wave length mix depends on amount of (heat) energy contain in matter.
=>PLANCKs LAW c = const ~ 300000 km/sec Energy differential = 1 Plancks Quantum E = mc^2
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Remote Sensing
PLANCKs LAW WIENs LAW
Total Radiation Total Radiation Energy emitted Energy emitted Radiation Energy Curves for Radiation Energy Curve for an object (BLACK BODY) at an object (BLACK BODY) various constant temperatures. 6000K at constant temperature. 3000k 1000K peak 300K
short
Wave Length
long
short
Wave Length
long
Radiation output curves for ideal (Black Body) objects

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Remote Sensing
WIENs LAW Total Radiation Energy emitted Radiation Energy Curves for an object (BLACK BODY) at various constant temperatures. 6000K The surface of the Suns outer atmosphere 3000k (photosphere) has a temperature of about 1000K 300K 5800K, hot enough to provide adequate short Wave Length long
The Average Temperature of Earths Surface rarely exceeds 300 K, an object temperature to low to provide for EMITTED RADIATION of sufficient strength to register on most of the available sensors (except in thermal IR sensors). (Even warm nights can be pitch black)
radiation energy. (Peak output in GREEN of visible light). Most RS systems utilise reflected sun light.
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Remote Sensing
QUESTION: Does incident sun light interact in a similar way with matter as described is the case for emitted radiation? ANSWER: YES! ER (including light) is a form of energy (as is heat). Matter (atoms) can absorb as well as emit energy. Objects under illumination by sun light will partially absorb radiation. Absorption level varies with wave length depending on chemical composition of the object Radiation not absorbed is mostly reflected and available for RS. => Spectral Signatures
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Remote Sensing
ER, the Physical Basis of RS
Examples of Spectral Signatures
% Reflectance (of Sun Light) Vegetation (green)
50
Bare Soil (Grey/Brown)
Water (clear) 0
(<= UV)
0.4 (blue)
0.5 (green)
0.6 (red) 0.7 (IR=>) 0.8

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GN238 Introduction to Remote Sensing
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Remote Sensing
The Electromagnetic Spectrum
(not to exact scale; see Textbook)
10^-6 10^-3 Wave Length 0.1 1 100 10^5 10^8 m
Sound
not part of ER) MicroWave
-Rays
X-Ray
UV
TV/Radio Note: outside the visible Range, no colours or shades will be perceived.
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Thermal Infrared Visible Near & Mid Infrared 0.7 m

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Blue Green Red

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Remote Sensing
The General Remote Sensing Model
Radiation Source I = Incident ER R = Reflected A = Absorbed T = Transmitted S = Scattering
S I
Sensor
Simplified RadiationBalance
R T
I=R+A+T R=I-A-T
A
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Remote Sensing
% Reflectance (of Sun Light) 50
A bright Idea for RS R IR
Vegetation (green) Bare Soil (Grey/Brown) Truth Table Veg. G med R low IR high+ Soil med high high m
8
0
(<= UV) 0.4 (blue) 0.5 (green) 0.6 (red) 0.7 (IR=>) 0.8
GN238 Introduction to Remote Sensing 01/ 10/ 97
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Remote Sensing
Truth Table
A bright Idea for RS G
Veg. G med R low IR high+
Soil med high high
IR
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Remote Sensing
Image Display
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Remote Sensing
Ekati Diamond Mine, Northwest Territories
1989
1994
1999 Colour coded Compsite
Change Detection:
Impact of Mine Development on the Environment
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Remote Sensing
Spectral Classification of a Landsat MSS scene

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Remote Sensing
Using Fraunhofers Observations The variation in Radiation output from a REAL OBJECT depends on its chemical composition. Water has a different SPECTRAL SIGNATURE than soil or chlorophyll containing leaf matter, etc.
QUESTIONS: Can we use these facts to measure object temperatures? Can we use these facts to identify the chemical composition of objects and can we use the latter to identify the object itself?
Radiation Energy Curve for an object at constant temperature. Gerds real object short Wave Length
long
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The previous Slide Set contains: Spatial Information

This Lecture Notes Slide Set contains:

THE UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND

Engineering Surveying (Mining)