08 2E Europe RF Experience Sharing 2.0

European UMTS Field Experience
Wireless Network Engineering October , 2003
NORTEL NETWORKS CONFIDENTIAL
Agenda
RF Design
WCDMA Principles Design Process and main considerations
RF Optimization
Optimization Stages First Tuning Principles First Tuning Process
Tools
Some Real examples
Lessons Learnt
Agenda
RF Design
WCDMA Principles
Design Process and main considerations
RF Optimization
Tools
Some Real examples
Lessons Learnt
WCDMA RF Characteristics
Coverage quality sensitive to traffic load. Capacity usually limited by downlink Interference.
All neighbor cells are Co Channel interferers

Faster Handover Processing & Power Control essential There will be a complex traffic mix, being really asymmetric. The mobility pattern will also have direct impact in the final system behavior. Interference Control Critical for all CDMA-based Technologies. Cloverleaf Pattern with 65 Deg Beam preferred for Macro cells with optimized azimuth.
Microcells can be Co Channel to Macro Layer.
Goal to Balance QOS, Coverage, Capacity, cost

Presentation Name - 3
Comparison GSM vs UMTS (1/2)

UMTS radio network design requirements
are more complex compared to Traditional GSM

GSM 2G network designed primarily for Voice services, some data traffic has been included with GPRS UMTS - 3G network designed primarily for multi-services (Packet
Data Services, Circuit Data Services, Voice)
Users with variety QoS demands under various RF environments

(Note: GSM has one)
A more detailed interference planning and capacity analysis is required Interference estimation is even more crucial in the coverage prediction phase (Cell breathing phenomenon) The whole planning process has to be done iteratively through air interface simulation as each user is influencing the others
Comparison GSM vs UMTS (2/2)

GSM
Capacity is closely related to the installed equipment Quality of channels primarily impacted by co- & adj- channel interference. Sequential planning process
Coverage, Capacity largely sequential Capacity can be obtained by HW increase with no impact on coverage
UMTS
Capacity is not only related to the installed hardware Quality and capacity impacted by both intra-cell and inter-cell effects Interrelated process
Coverage and Capacity: find balance
Initial Inputs To be considered

Geographic
Environment Antenna height Penetration factors / Propagation Model
Services (QoS, guarantee along areas & traffic)

Speech CS data PS data
Product Performances
BS MS
Quality of coverage
Coverage areas and associated Area reliability Type of coverage UE
BTS
BTS
Impact of the services in the network Design

Higher rate services have a shorter possible distance
SF = 256
Spreading Factor
SF = 32
SF = 8 Low speed Data High speed Data Node B (BTS)
Speech
Relative distance
Impact of the services in the network Design

As seen, the higher the throughput of the RAB is, the lower is the Cell Range (Higher power is allocated to each user) The final traffic will be a mix of all the available RABs, with a certain weight distribution, and also with a certain activity factors (strongly driven by the application that will be finally used) In the initial stages, the load in the network will be light, thus an initial good basic radio design should be able to warranty a good radio quality As the number of users will start increasing, the forecasted load will increase also; an important role will be played by the per RAB user profile:
If the activity factor is high, the radio conditions will be under a severe load. If the activity factor is low, the radio conditions will remain, as there will be blocking due to parameter configuration
A simple solution is the best...

The traffic profile is something unpredictable. The user behavior is also unpredictable. The final site locations are also unknown. The environment impacts performance, and the way it changes is also unpredictable
All those variables have got a direct impact on the performance of the network, and they are not controlled by the operator; therefore a simplified design approach is the only sensible one...
A simple approach would be the most effective solution
Agenda
RF Design
WCDMA Principles
Design Process and main considerations
RF Optimization
Tools
Some Real examples
Lessons Learnt
Simple approach (1/2)

Define a link budget based on the most restrictive RAB that will be used in the system; the main goal of the link budget will be to find out the allowed Path loss. Define the inter-site distance that will be used in each of the environments for the design based on a calibrated propagation model. Generate a nominal design, based on the estimated inter-site distance, tuned with the knowledge of the traffic distribution in the area; this nominal design should be generated with a WCDMA planning tool (like iPlanner).
A calibrated model should be used. An initial traffic estimation would be needed to have an initial idea of the load that can be expected to be supported by Radio Network. The predictions will never have the same level of accuracy than the real data coming from statistics from the field; the real user behavior and mobility is unpredictable...
This initial steps will drive the evolution of the network rollout
Simple approach(2/2)
Look for real concrete candidates for each of the nominal cell sites:
The candidate should have an average height regarding its surrounding clutter; if it is too tall it will interfere too much and Radio will be uncontrollable; if it is too low, it may not achieve the coverage objective. The candidates should be achievable; this will depend on the acquisition particularities of each region. There must be enough space in the roof to place properly the antennas, there is a significant impact of the right antenna with the right layout on the site performance. Coordination with other operators may be needed.
Validation of the site construction project would be needed. Once the site has been installed, it should be commissioned and integrated with the initial parameter settings. Pre-launch optimization phase should be started once a significant amount of sites in a cluster has been integrated
The most important steps are the ones impacting the detailed implementation of the network like candidate selection and antenna layout
Actual Radio Design
Used values in our project:

ISD ~ 400m / 200m Antenna Height ~ 25m Horizontal BW 65 Vertical BW 7 VET up to 7
Cell Planning Considerations

Key RF Design Considerations
Control of Coverage & Interference is critical ! Minimize out-of-cell interference
Maximum use of sectorization in Urban areas Minimize Soft Handoff levels & Pilot pollution where possible Clear Dominant Server required
Use of regular Site Spacing & Antenna heights

Limitations in Planning tools to simulate real network Rely more on real field experience/data where possible
Key RF Design metrics

CPICH EC/Io UE TX power Handover State
WCDMA RF Engineering
A Clean Textbook RF Design for Coverage
Define Reverse Link Budget from QOS Margins Space Cells for Target Edge Signal Strength. Adjust heights to contain Interference Use Buildings as Interference Shields Unlimited Bldg Penetration & QOS ???
H B R D = 2R > 2B B R
It Doesnt look Too Difficult ??

WCDMA RF Engineering
Real World CDMA Cells Fragment - Close Spacing presents many conflicting challenges.
Path loss Slopes Flatter, More Patches of Overshoot Site Grid breaks up Handoff Problems Increase Longer Neighbor Lists Longer Code Search times Spectral Efficiency Loss
Mobile TX Pwr vs Log D

20 10 0
dBm
-10 -20 -30 -40 -1 -0.5 0 log(d) 0.5 1
Slope ?
A prediction tool is only used as support...


Importance of Pilot Control on Soft Handoff
Aim To control Pilot into desired areas at required levels Results
Soft Handoff levels reduction Improve Downlink capacity Minimize CE usage Reduce neighbor lists & long code search times Improve FER performance
Example
Excessive x-way (x > 3) Soft-Handoff Area due to lack of dominant server Improved area by applying down-tilt and re-orienting site
Excessive Soft-Handoff reduced Excessive SoftHandoff area to be reduced

Review of main Points
Flexibility in RF Coverage control is the most important optimization factor High Cell edge reliability and building penetration loss, result in pilot pollution Use downtilt and/or reduce height to confine coverage Antenna Selection
Greater performance with directional antennas in interference-limited areas like Urban
Choose site location to create dominant server area CDMA analysis result dependant on traffic distribution
(good understanding, even, weighted)
Use GSM Traffic distribution
Pilot Ec/Io is the important threshold, not signal level Coverage & Interference control !! NORTEL NETWORKS CONFIDENTIAL Presentation Name - 18
Advantages of owning a 2G network

Knowledge of existing Traffic distribution @busy hours
More accurate data on traffic distribution maps
Knowledge of Performance for individual sites

I.e: eliminate tall & uncontrollable sites
Knowledge of areas with excessive GSM multiple servers

I.e: minimize potential Soft Handoffs problems in 3G
Agenda
RF Design WCDMA Principles Design Process and main considerations
RF Optimization
Optimization Stages
First Tuning Principles First Tuning Process
Tools
Some Real examples Lessons Learnt
Optimizing UMTS networks

Objective of the Optimization activity
Adjust the system resources available in each location so that: The system performance is optimized The service perception of the end user is the best possible
Particularities
Pre-Launch All the signal on the air is co-channel The user behavior is hard to model The traffic mix is becoming more complex The services will become more and more asymmetric
What can be the an effective approach?

Prepare the network for an initial activity Validate a methodology and a set of tools to analyze the system Closely monitor the evolution of the real users
Post-Launch
Optimization Stages
Pre-launch Optimization (First Tuning)
The main objective is to prepare network launch by validating sites functionality and by performing basic network optimization through drive tests
FTP HTTP PING 1 4 7 * 2 5 8 0 3 6 9 #
Post-launch Optimization (Fine Tuning)

The main objective is to optimize performance of a network influenced by traffic load, using real system performance data and/or drive tests data
RNC
1 4 7 * 2 5 8 0 3 6 9 # 1 4 7 * 2 5 8 0 3 6 9 #
1 4 7 * 1 4 7 * 2 5 8 0 3 6 9 #
2 5 8 0
3 6 9 #
1 4 7 *
2 5 8 0
3 6 9 #
1 4 7 *
2 5 8 0
3 6 9 #
1 4 7 *
2 5 8 0
3 6 9 #
OMC
Agenda
RF Design
RF Optimization
Optimization Stages
First Tuning Principles

First Tuning Process Tools Some Real examples
Lessons Learnt
Main Considerations for first tuning (1/2)

RF control is the key in a CDMA network
As everything is co-channel, parameter configuration may help up to a certain level; there is a minimum base RF quality needed to achieve Aim is to contain each sector to its intended coverage area
A poor coverage control may cause

no dominant server (poor Ec/Io, but high composite signal level) dropped calls due to slow Handoff access to the wrong pilot and wrong neighbor list excessive soft handoff (higher than average 4,5,6 way handoff) higher than average downlink power
Coverage control should be exercised at the early design stage

Pilot Ec/Io is the Key metric, not signal Level Coverage & Interference Control !!
Main Considerations for first tuning (2/2)

Neighbour list definition is also very important to be defined so that the present signal is used in the most effective way Neighbour lists controls which Pilots the UE is assessing as
handoff candidates
Aim is to minimize per-sector neighbor list length without compromising capacity, access fail and dropped call numbers
Search time increases with longer neighbor lists

Leads to possible Dropped calls
GSM vs CDMA Optimization

2G/GSM Priorities
Frequency Planning (SFH, AFP) Reduce the co-channel & adjacent channels
interference
Minimize the signal overshoot into 2nd & 3rd server areas Optimal Neighboring lists to avoid Call dragging HO settings (Hysteresis, thresholds, etc) to avoid ping-pong Traffic load management between layers
Capacity driven by network equipment installed

GSM vs CDMA Optimization

2G/CDMA Priorities
Code Planning (Easier than GSM BCCH reuse planning) Greater Emphasis on Coverage / Pilot Control Soft Handoff Control
Thresholds based on absolute Ec/Io criteria CDMA less likely to require per site parameter optimization. More adjustments made on RF Control & not using Parameter settings
Neighbor Planning
Optimal neighbor lists: minimal but accurate!
Capacity distinction between UL (Noise Floor) & DL (PA usage) Power Allocation Distribution
Adjust Max Power Per User to balance capacity and performance
More power per user = less capacity (All users share same PA)
Higher power per user necessary at Network borders to compensate for lack of SHO
Agenda
RF Design
RF Optimization
Optimization Stages First Tuning Principles
First Tuning Process

Tools Some Real examples
Lessons Learnt
Main metrics to be used along the process

RF Quality indicators
CPICH Ec/Io (dB) Received energy per chip divided by the power density in the band i.e. it is
identical to the RSCP measured on the CPICH divided by the RSSI.
Active Set Size Number of Radio Links established simultaneously by the UE
Application layer Metrics

Mean Holding time In some stages, can be useful to start performing continuous calls drive
tests
Dropped Call Rate Number of Calls abnormally terminated; traditionally implemented on

controlled duration calls.
Call Setup Success Percentage of calls established related to the number of attempted calls
Successful Calls Percentage of calls that could be normally established, maintained and
terminated normally
First Tuning Process (1/2)

Site Shakedown
Cluster Analysis (iterative) Pilot Optimization Drive Radio Verification Drive
Network Analysis (iterative)
Pilot Optimization Drive

Radio Verification Drive
First Tuning Process (2/2)
DIVA
Ec/Io Best SC
Data Logging + Processing sw
Corrective actions to be performed
Active set Size Neighbor list tuning
Analysis to be performed at Cluster & Network Level

Test Drive Specifications

Cell Shakedown
Cell Shakedown Drive
The drive routes for shakedown are defined as circles around the cell at approximately 30 percent of the expected cell coverage area.
Purpose: to test call setup in each cell, handoffs (softer) between cells and to verify antenna orientation, Primary Pilot EC/N0 (PCPICH EC/N0), scrambling code allocation for each sector according to the RF design and neighbor list coherence with engineering requirements. UE transmitted power will be analyzed to double-check possible reception cabling problems. Equipment: Trace Mobile RF Scanner Call type: voice call; ping. Data collected: PCPICH EC/N0, UE transmitted power, DL carrier RSSI, Events (mapping with rrc messages - rrc Established, Call setup, Call Established, Radio Link Addition & Deletion)
Test Drive Specifications (1/2)

Cluster/Network Optimization
Pilot Optimization Drive
Purpose: to determine the actual pilot coverage for each cluster and solve the main RF
propagation issues (pilot shoot-up, pilot pollution, scrambling code overlap...) and neighbor list estimation.
Equipment: Trace Mobile - Pilot scanner Applications: none Data collected: Scrambling code analysis (Ec/N0, Ec, RSSI), top-N analysis with a window at 12. Analyses: Per-PCPICH coverage; Best PCPICH coverage; 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th PCPICH coverage;
Number of PCPICH over a given Ec/N0 (12dB - RF design warranty area)
Test Drive Specifications (2/2)

Cluster/Network Optimization
Radio Verification DRIVE
Purpose: Mainly insure the RF coverage control and neighbor list tuning (antenna
azimuths, tilts, neighbor list tuning)
Process: each call is setup, hold during the time and released; mobile originating and
mobile terminating for voice; mobile originating only for data.
Applications: voice call; FTP over several RABs. Data collected: Ec/N0, UE transmitted power, DL transmitted code power, average
number of radio links.
Agenda
RF Design
RF Optimization
Tools
Some Real examples
Lessons Learnt
Tools to be used
RF Scanner to collect the data- Initially it is necessary to perform pure RF measurements so that we can take a real picture of the coverage quality.
Agilent Viper, Anritsu, ... Diva (Nortel Propietary), ...
Test Mobile- After a basic RF coverage quality has been implemented, call processing measurements should be included to get closer to the end customer perception
Nemo, Tems, CAIT, X-CAL, ... RFO (Nortel Propietary), Actix, X-CAP
RNC Traces are very useful support for Call processing Optimization
Both types of tools are complementary, cannot

work only with one type
Viper Agilent E7476A

The W-CDMA Receiver is the Agilent E6455C Digital Receiver
with the E7476A Network Optimization Platform.
Four different modes are available on the receiver:

Scrambling Code Analyzer [Top N, User List, P-SCH]
CPICH Ec/Io Top N Ec/Io (SC reported regardless of any neighbor list), Primary and Secondary SCH trace (Ec/Io, Ec), RSSI (Io), CPICH RSCP (Ec),
CW (Carrier Wave) Power Measurements, Channel Power Measurements, Spectrum Measurements
Diva Agilent Post-processing
Nortel is using the proprietary DIVA Agilent post-processing tool to analyze and post-process the data collected from the Agilent RF Receiver.
Source Data
Text file export from the Agilent E7476A data collection software (Top-N files in Scrambling Code Analyzer mode) containing RSSI, Ec/Io, SC, geographical coordinates, time stamp. DRF files used for Site Database, to ease the display of site information and for neighbor list tuning (Site, FDDCell, AntennaSystem, FDDNeighbouringCell DRF files)
Maps
Any geographical information readable by MapInfo (e.g, tabs and tiffs) All maps displayed against background of highways, geographic features, etc. User definable resolution for Geographic and Temporal binning of data.
The key analysis screens that are being used are

System Map: Best Ec/No, number of cells in active set, EC/No 2nd 3rd ... Server, potentially RSSI. SC plotter: Ec/No in a sector level analysis Delta tool module Neighbor List Tuner
RF Scanner vs Call processing

RF Optimization Activity Confirm coverage Assess signal quality Assess areas of excessive handoff Tune neighbor lists Using Call Processing + Processing Sw
UE TX power Best server Ec/No
Using RF Scanner + DIVA

Estimate with DL RSSI Best server Ec/No
UE active set
Number of SCs meeting given threshold criteria Add SCs that meet threshold criteria but arent in current neighbor list
Conclude from call drop analysis Analysis of Measurement Report messages
Call Drop/Failed Access analysis
Detailed message and parametric info analysis
N/A
A huge progress on RF Coverage Control and Neighbor List Tuning, can be done with scanner measurements (no need call processing).
WCDMA RF Optimizer - Features

Geographic plots of Parametric Data (forward & reverse links) SC Plotter Delta Plot Call Statistics (Drop Calls, Access Failures) Synchronized Call Trace Screens Graphs of Parametric Data (forward & reverse links) Neighbor List Tuner DRF Editor (Network Configuration File)
Coverage Analysis Failure Mode Analysis
Other Search Window Analysis (Active & Neighbor Set) Features Soft Handoff Statistics (by handoff type, Avg. CEs / user, Avg RF Links / user)
Quality Analysis (Markov, Voice, per rate type)
Example of a Current Network Test
100 Sites Intensively RF Optimized. >150 sectors used over drive route, interference from total cluster of 300 sectors. 253 Voice or PS data calls made. 25000 Call Seconds of DCH occupancy. Call Traces collected from Network and UE Call drop rate referenced to 90 second hold time
Measurement Control Failure Example

<-RrcActSetUpdComp <ASUDCmplt/> <-NbapRadLinkRestInd ->RrcMeasCont Mod intra[ new[14=sc23 15=sc24 16=sc34 17=sc55 18=sc56 19=sc68 20=sc72 ] rem[1 2 3 4 7 11 12 13 ]] 02:17:08.100 adr_ > Dcch MEASCTRL remove[ 1 2 3 4 7 11 12 13 ] res( 0=73 5=35 6=36 8=47 9=57 10=74 14=23+ 15=24+ 16=34+ 17=55+ 18=56+ 19=68+ 20=72+) 02:17:08.126 adr_ < Dcch :rrcMeasControlFailure <-RrcMeasContFail <MeasCtrlFail/> ->RrcActSetUpd del[ 73] 02:17:08.573 dlr_ > Dcch 02:17:08.615 dlr_ ActiveSetUpdate DEL[ 73] ASETUD f= 2152.2 [r35,]
Neighborlist Update Fails Causing UE not to find Neighbor SC56 and drop due to bad ec/io 50 seconds later
02:17:52.808 dlr_ UE Status: Rssi=-59.2 UeTx=-12.4 Bler1=3.96% FingSC > 57/ -12.6, 02:17:58.811 dlr_ UE Status: Rssi=-52.5 UeTx=-19.9 Bler1=1.98% FingSC > 57/ -8.1, 02:18:02.810 dlr_ UE Status: Rssi=-48.8 UeTx=-23.0 Bler1=0% FingSC > 57/ -6.3, 02:18:06.814 dlr_ UE Status: Rssi=-38.7 UeTx=-30.5 Bler1=2% FingSC > 57/ -8.1, 02:18:10.810 dlr_ UE Status: Rssi=-43.7 UeTx=-30.4 Bler1=0% FingSC > 57/ -8.5, 02:18:14.810 dlr_ UE Status: Rssi=-48.4 UeTx=-17.5 Bler1=28.71% FingSC > 57/ -14.4, 02:18:18.811 dlr_ UE Status: Rssi=-49.2 UeTx=-999.0 Bler1=97.03% FingSC > 57/ -9.2, !! CALL DROP_1 RRC=0 Symptom = Covg OK, Bad EC/NO !!Nbr Srch Fail Drop + MeasCtrlFail 02:18:19.778 dlr_ UE Status: FingSC > 02:18:20.353 idle > Bcch sfn=1033 systemInformationBlockType3 Cellid=27156 =SC 56 02:18:20.479 idle ASETUD f= 2152.2 [r56,] 02:18:20.479 idle NBR PKT [] 02:18:20.671 idle > Bcch sfn=1049 systemInformationBlockType3 Cellid=27156 =SC 56
Agenda
RF Design
RF Optimization
Tools
Some Real examples
Lessons Learnt
Some Real Examples of UMTS optimization

Pilot Pollution optimization Coverage optimization Example of cluster tuning
Example of Pilot pollution

Active set size for a cluster Pilot pollution (> 3 way handover ) SW sector 152
Example of Pilot pollution

Active set size after reazimuth of sector 152 Reduced pillot polution in the area
Example of coverage control

Ec/Io sector 136 Excess coverage for this sector
Example of coverage control

Down tilt of sector 136 Overspray substantially reduced
Initial Network Tuning Project Overview (1/2)

TUNING (CORE) = 30 ANEL_AUX = 18
Sites to apply Cell Shakdown = 39 Cluster I
# of sites = 25 # of sites (Core) = 11 # of sites (Cell Shakedown) = 18
Cluster II
# of sites = 23 # of sites (Core) = 19 # of sites (Cell Shakedown) = 21
TEAM I
TEAM II Name - 49 Presentation
Cluster Tuning RF Coverage Control

1 Sectors Change AntennaOrientation Orientation 18 4 Change Antenna Sectors 9 Sectors ChangeElectrical Electrical tilt 15 5 Change tilt Sectors 6 Sectors Change Mechanical tilt 5 Change Mechanical tilt 11 Sectors Change Antenna Height 1 sector
Universe # of Sites 48 # of Sectors 141
HWsplitt work Sector Orders 1 sector # of Sites # of Sectors 27 44 56% 31%
HW work Orders # of Sectors with Azimuths Changes # of Sectors with Electrical Tilt # of Sectors with Mechanical Tilt
# of Sectors with Electrical Tilt # of Sectors with Mechanical Tilt
# of # of # of # of Sectors with 1 work type Sectors with 2 work type Sectors with 3 work type Sectors with 4 work type
25 26 21
29 work orders 22 work orders
23 12 7 2
18% 18% 15%

CPICH Ec/Io
Scanner
Ec/No Ranges (dB) -6 to 0 -8 to 6 -10 to 8 -12 to -10 -15 to 12 NORTEL NETWORKS CONFIDENTIAL -30 to -15
UE
After
before Mai-22 Mai-22 after after 58% 56% 62% 57% 61% 25% 26% 22% 25% 21% 11% 11% 10% 11% 9% 3% 3% 3% 4% 3% 1% 1% 2% 1% 1% Presentation Name - 51 0% 0% 1% 0% 1%

Active Set Size
Scanner
UE
After
Number of cells in Active Set before Mai-22 Mai-22 After After 1 47% 47% 41% 47% 42% 2 34% 34% 34% 34% 33% 3 14% 15% 16% 14% 16% 4 4% 4% 6% 4% 7% 5 1% 1% 3% 1% 2% 6 0% 0% 1% 0% 1% 7 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% NORTEL NETWORKS CONFIDENTIAL Presentation Name - 52 9 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%
Zoom on bad EC/Io Problem
SPOT2
SPOT2
Problem: Interference; Low signal Level. Objective: Find a best server Solution: 1st Reorientation of 123A; downtilt of 231C, 23C 45 B. 2nd Remove downtilt of 123A 3rd Turn off the sector 123 A and reorientation of 45 B Obs.: MINIMIZED. The only solution is a new site for +/- 200m (micro site?)
SPOT3
SPOT3
Problem: Interference; Low signal Level. Objective: Find a best server Solution: 1st Downtilt of 67 C and 58 B. 2nd Adition of a 3rd sector in split on 120 Obs.: SOLVED
SPOT9
SPOT9
Problem: High active set size. Objective: Reduce the active set size. Solution: 1st Downtilt of 134 C and 37 C. Obs.: SOLVED.
Examples on Application metrics Evolution

Cluster 4*
Mean Holding Time (continuous Calls)
Dropped Call Rate Voice
Start
11,4 min
13,2%
Inter
22,7 min
6,2%
Final
38,4 min
2,8%
Dropped Call Rate PS 384

Call Setup Success Voice
18,3%
83,2%
9,3%
91,2%
5,1%
95,1%
Call Setup Success PS 384

Successful Calls Voice Successful Calls PS 384
80,1%
70% 61,8%
93,2%
85% 83,9%
94,3%
92,3% 89,2%
* Values based on low number of samples (high SD)
Tuning Mobility 3G-2G

UMTS is being initially deployed as coverage islands relying on roaming to 2G networks to complete coverage layer An interlayer mobility strategy is needed to ensure minimum impact to the customer when moving out from 3G Coverage It is important to take a good picture of the rf quality of the 2G network so that we can tune the 2G neighbor list
Identify properly the sites in the 3G coverage boundaries Generate a best server plot of the 2G area Define the neighbor list accordingly
Compressed mode parameters need to be carefully optimized
Agenda
RF Design
RF Optimization
Tools
Some Real examples
Lessons Learnt
Link Budget Results applied in Real Project

CPICH RSCP = CPICH Ec (dBm) Received Signal Code Power on one
channelisation code measured on the Primary CPICH.
CPICH power feeders loss antenna gain
35 dBm 3,5 dB 17,5 dB EiRP = CPICH power -feeder loss + antenna gain EiRP = 49 dBm
Minimum Receive Level (Dense Urban) = EiRP - Max Pathloss

Dense Urban Environment - Indoor Speech 12,2 Maximum Path Loss Minimum Receive Level Maximum Path Loss Minimum Receive Level Maximum Path Loss Minimum Receive Level 126,3 -77,3 127,4 -78,4 136,9 -87,9 CS 64 124,5 -75,5 125,6 -76,6 134,6 -85,6 PS 64 125,9 -76,9 127 -78 136,6 -87,6 PS 144 123 -74 124,1 -75,1 133,7 -84,7 PS 384 119 -70 120,1 Available Reverse Link Budget -71,1 129,5 Available Reverse Link Budget -80,5
Available Reverse Link Budget
Urban Environment - Indoor
Suburban Environment - Indoor
Validation of the Link Budget

CPICH RSCP > -78 (PS 64 was design objective) in more than 80% with 9 missing sites...
EC values (dBm) -50 to 20 -60 to 50 -75 to 60 -85 to 75 -95 to 85 -120 to 95
before 4% 15% 40% 25% 12% 1%
after 4% 15% 36% 26% 13% 3%

Rules Generated after several Isolation Measurements GSM 1800 60 dB of horizontal isolation
Dual Band 60 dB of horizontal isolation
chart
chart
Area 1 is forbidden Area 2 azimuths 0 to 180 Area 3 azimuths 60 to 240 Area 4 azimuths 90 to 270 Area 5 : mix decoupling area (vertical + horizontal) N.B. : The large circle represent the margin for H90 antennas; and the bold line the limit between area 2&5 for these antennas
Some examples of antenna layout evolution

Objective is to keep number of antennas
Tma
Tma
Tma
Tma
Tma
Tma
Rx / Tx Rx/Tx ou Rx E ricsson RBS200 c/ duplex E ricsson RBS2202 Lucent RBS2000/6 Hybrid Lucent RBS2000/12 Hybrid
Tma
Tma
Tma
GSM 900
Tma
Tma
Tma
GSM 900
Rx/ Tx UM TS
Rx/ Tx
GSM 900
GSM 900
Rx/ Tx UM TS
Rx/ Tx
Tma
Tma
Tma
Tma
Tma
Tma
Tma
Tma
Tma
Tma
Tma
GSM 900
Tma
Tma
Tma
Rx/ Tx
Tma
GSM 1800 1800
Rx/ Tx
Tma
Tma
Tma
Tma
Tma
GSM 900
Rx/ Tx
GSM 1800 1800
Rx/ Tx
Rx/ Tx UM TS
Rx/ Tx
GSM 900
Rx/ Tx
1800 GSM 1800
Rx/Tx
GSM 900
Rx/ Tx
Rx/Tx
Rx/ Tx UM TS
Rx/Tx
1800 GSM 1800
Some Optimization Conclusions

According to Nortels original recommendations, based on CDMA experience, the following items were confirmed:
Antenna Types Electrical Tilt & Horizontal Beamwidth Antenna Configuration (Avoid 3 sectors within 180) Importance of HW config high correlation with the QoC; From 40 up to 50% of HW changes during
optimization
Importance of Site Selection a supplementary effort when Acquisition to match the objectives /
requirements even the main driver is to go for a simple design
Troubleshoot an Area A new site is not always a solution (macro & microcellular approach)
Nominal cell Design Measured coverage compliant to original RF design; All

missing sites (Greenfield & 2G InPlan) were concluded to be relevant.
2G Sites needs to be specially analyzed If the level of interference is high,

is better not to build it than to remove it; some sites there is no way to control its
coverage...
Conclusions
The variables that influence the behavior of the system are excessive,
the number of assumptions that would need to be performed makes any study be just a guess.... The only way of finding results is reality. Nortel has successfully designed and optimized UMTS networks and is gathering real field experience to be able to drive the market requirements. WCDMA system is significantly more sensitive to interferences than GSM, it is very important to perform a good RF design and Optimization to achieve the best performance Most of the advices coming from the CDMA experience are really helping us to solve the problems we are finding on the field.
Nortel Networks is committed to UMTS and is willing to help you in

successful implementations of UMTS ...
EC/Io Status After the changes
Active Set Size after the changes

08 2E Europe RF Experience Sharing 2.0

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08 2E Europe RF Experience Sharing 2.0

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European UMTS Field Experience

Wireless Network Engineering October , 2003

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All neighbor cells are Co Channel interferers

Microcells can be Co Channel to Macro Layer.

Goal to Balance QOS, Coverage, Capacity, cost

Comparison GSM vs UMTS (1/2)

are more complex compared to Traditional GSM

Users with variety QoS demands under various RF environments

Comparison GSM vs UMTS (2/2)

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Initial Inputs To be considered

Services (QoS, guarantee along areas & traffic)

Impact of the services in the network Design

SF = 8 Low speed Data High speed Data Node B (BTS)

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Impact of the services in the network Design

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A simple solution is the best...

A simple approach would be the most effective solution

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Design Process and main considerations

Simple approach (1/2)

Actual Radio Design

Used values in our project:

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Cell Planning Considerations

Use of regular Site Spacing & Antenna heights

Key RF Design metrics

It Doesnt look Too Difficult ??

Mobile TX Pwr vs Log D

-10 -20 -30 -40 -1 -0.5 0 log(d) 0.5 1

A prediction tool is only used as support...

Cell Planning Considerations

Excessive Soft-Handoff reduced Excessive SoftHandoff area to be reduced

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Cell Planning Considerations

Advantages of owning a 2G network

Knowledge of Performance for individual sites

Knowledge of areas with excessive GSM multiple servers

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Optimizing UMTS networks

What can be the an effective approach?

Post-launch Optimization (Fine Tuning)

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First Tuning Principles

Main Considerations for first tuning (1/2)

A poor coverage control may cause

Coverage control should be exercised at the early design stage

Main Considerations for first tuning (2/2)

Search time increases with longer neighbor lists

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GSM vs CDMA Optimization

Capacity driven by network equipment installed

GSM vs CDMA Optimization

First Tuning Process

Main metrics to be used along the process

Active Set Size Number of Radio Links established simultaneously by the UE

Application layer Metrics

Dropped Call Rate Number of Calls abnormally terminated; traditionally implemented on

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