Proposal & Macam2 Penelitian (MHS)

4/19/2010 Proposal Penelitian (MHS)
1
Lecture 3
RESEARCH PROPOSAL &
TYPE OF THE RESEARCH
2
1. Explain the components of the research
proposal
2. Describe the type of research
3. Discuss the differences between
quantitative and qualitative research
4. Characterize basic qualitative methods
Learning Objectives
At the end of todays session, the
student should be able to :
3
RESEARCH PROPOSAL
I. Title
II. Introduction
III. Literature Review
IV. Methodology
V. Bibliography
VI. Appendix
4
1. Title
1. Reflects contents of the research
2. Simple sentence
3. Avoid abbreviation
4. Avoid interrogative sentence
5. Location and time of study
6. etc.
5
2. Introduction
1. Background of Problem
2. Problem Statement
3. Hypothesis
4. Objective
5. Significance of the study
6
Problem ?
Research Problem ?

Problem Selection Criteria :
Feasible
Interesting
Novel
Ethical
Relevant
2.1 Background of the Problem
7
Sources of Research Problems :

a. Literature
b. Scientific meetings
c. Personal experiences
d. Opinion of experts
e. Non-scientific sources

8

Criteria :

a. Interrogative sentence(s)

b. Be specific and not ambiguous

c. Separate statement for more than
one research questions

2.2 Problem Statement
9

is simply a statement of predicted
relationships between the variables
being studied

2.3 Hypothesis
10

Condition X is related to Condition Y
the occurrence of

Antecedent condition Effect

Independent Dependent
variable variable

3 Hypothesis
11

Functions

Classification

Stating the Hypothesis

Always necessary ?

2.3. Hypothesis
12

Functions

_ serves to narrow down the field of
the research study

_ forces the researcher to be precise
in stating the specific situation
being studied

2.3 Hypothesis
13
Functions

_ guides the methodology for the
remainder of the study

_ serves as a framework for stating
conclusions of the study as
direct answer to the purpose of
the study

2.3 Hypothesis
14

Functions

_ will be testable

the researcher will be able to
collect data that can then be
analyzed statistically to
determine if the hypothesis can
be supported

A hypothesis is not proved;
it is either supported or not supported
(rejected)
2.3 Hypothesis
15
Criteria :

1. Stated in affirmative sentence, simple
and clear
2. Has strong theoretical background
3. Stated the relationship between a
dependent variable and one or more
independent variable(s)
4. Empirically can be tested
5. The statement should be specific
6. Should be stated before the study (a priori )

2.3 Hypothesis
16
Stating the Hypothesis (Examples)

_Educational levels of the mothers
have some influences on the growth
and development of their children

_Taking X medicine may cause
disorder of the reproductive function

17
Stating the Hypothesis

Example

Birth weights of the neonates born by
the mothers of smoking husbands are
lower than those who were born by the
mothers of non-smoker husbands
18
Stating the Hypothesis (Example)

The children who do not communicate with
adult persons will suffer from severe
mental retardation

19
Is a Hypothesis is
Always Necessary ?
20
2.4 Statement of
the Purpose of the Study

the single statement that identifies
the focus of the research
what the researcher intends to do
to answer the research question
21

3 ways : (1) as a declarative statement

(2) as a question

(3) as a hypothesis
2.4 Statement of
22
(1) as a declarative statement

The purpose of this study is to describe the effect
of structured individualized versus structured group
instruction on successful breast feeding
by primiparas in their home setting
2.4 Statement of
23
2.4 Statement of
(2) as a question

The purpose of this study is to answer the
question : I s there a significant relationship
between a method of teaching about breast
feeding and successful breast feeding by
primiparas in their home setting ?
24
(3) as a hypothesis

The purpose of this study is to test the following
hypothesis:

Primiparas who receive individualized instruction
in breast feeding will have a significantly more
successful breast-feeding experience in their
home setting than primiparas who receive
structured group instruction in breast feeding
2.4 Statement of
25
2.4 Objective
General Objective
Specific Objective
26
From this study those factors which are responsible
for stopping breast-feeding in urban communities
can be identified and this will be useful for giving
feedback for promoting the breast-feeding program.

2.4 Objective
General Objective
27
2.4 Objective
Specific Objective
28
2.5 Significance of the Study
Science
Health Service / Health Policy
Research
29
3. Review of Related Literature
Reasons to Review the Literature
To determine what has already been done
Provides ideas about the kinds of studies that
need to be done
To point out research strategies
To help the researcher to interpret the results
of the study
30
Theoretical Framework
Conceptual Framework
31

The use of one theory or interrelated
theories to support the rationale (reason)
for conducting the study and provide a
guide to analyzing the results

O Theoretical Framework
32

The use of one or more related concepts that
underlie the study problem and support the
rationale (reason) for conducting the study
The concepts should also be discussed in
relationship to the variables being investigated

(Use diagram)

O Conceptual Framework
33
Recent publications
( the last 5-7 years )
34
4. Methodology
1. Study Design
2. Location and Time
3. Study Population
4. Sampling
5. Sample size
6. Inclusion and exclusion criteria
35
7. Informed consent
8. Procedures
9. Identifying Variables
10. Operational definition
11. Plan of data analysis and data
interpretation
36
5. Bibliography
37
Curriculum vitae of researchers
Budget
Time schedule of the study
Informed consent (Form)
Statistical formulas
Instruments of the study (e.g. Questionnaire)
Dummy Table
Others
APPENDIXES
38
39
Quantitative and Qualitative
Research
1. Introduction to Quantitative and
Qualitative Research
2. Comparison of Quantitative and Qualitative
Research
3. Types of Quantitative and Qualitative
Research
40
1. Introduction
Many researchers have narrowly defined scientific
research method to include only quantitative research.

This research method is based on the philosophy of
logical empiricism
Quantitative and Qualitative
Research
41
Quantitative research is
a formal, objective, systematic process in
which numerical data are utilized to obtain
information about the world

Quantitative research ?
42
Is used to
- describe variables
- examine relationships among
variables
- determine cause- and-effect
interactions between variables
Quantitative research
the predominantly used method of scientific
investigation
43
Qualitative research is

a systematic, subjective approach used to
describe life experiences and give them
meaning

not a new idea in social and behavioral
sciences
Qualitative research ?
44
Quantitative
Research
Hard science
Focus : concise and
narrow
Reductionistic
Objective
Qualitative
Research
O Soft science
O Focus : complex
and
broad
O Holistic
O Subjective
2. Comparison of Quantitative and
45
Quantitative Research
Reasoning : logistic
and
deductive
Basis of knowing :
cause-and-effect
relations.
Tests theory

O Reasoning :
dialectic,
inductive
O Basis of knowing :
meaning,
discovery
O Develops theory

2. Comparison of Quantitative and
46

Control

Instruments

Basic elements of
analysis
: numbers


O Shared interpretation

O Communication and
observation

O Basic elements of
analysis :
words

47

Statistical analysis
Generalization


O Individual interpretation
O Uniqueness

48
3. Types of Quantitative and
Types of Quantitative Research
1. Descriptive
2. Correlational
3. Quasi-Experiment
4. Experiment
1. Non-intervention
(Observational)

2. Intervention
49
Types of Qualitative Research
1. Phenomenology
2. Grounded Theory
3. Ethnography
4. etc.

50
1. Phenomenological Research
Phenomenological research is an inductive,
descriptive approach developed from
phenomenological philosophy
The focus of phenomenological philosophy is
understanding the response of whole human
being, not just specific parts of behaviors
51
The aim of phenomenological research
is to describe an experience as it is lived
by the person, such as describing a
persons experience of pain as it is lived
by that person
52
2. Grounded Theory Research
GTR is an inductive research technique.
This research approach is useful in
discovering what problems exist in a
social scene and the process persons use
to handle them
GTR emphasizes observation and the development
of practice-based intuitive relationships between
variables
53
The research process involves
formulation, testing, and redevelopment
of propositions until a theory evolves.
The theory developed is grounded or
has its roots in the data from which it was
derived
54
3. Ethnographic Research
ER for investigating cultures through an in-
depth study of the members of the culture.
ER attempts to tell the story of peoples daily
lives while describing the culture they are a
part of
ER process is the systematic collection,
description, and analysis of data to
develop a theory of cultural behavior
55
Using ER different cultures are described,
compared and contrasted to add to the
understanding of the impact of culture on
human behavior and health
56
Lets have a break !!
Learn what youve got

Proposal & Macam2 Penelitian (MHS)

Diunggah oleh

Informasi Dokumen

Deskripsi Asli:

Judul Asli

Hak Cipta

Format Tersedia

Bagikan dokumen Ini

Bagikan atau Tanam Dokumen

Opsi Berbagi

Apakah menurut Anda dokumen ini bermanfaat?

Apakah konten ini tidak pantas?

Hak Cipta:

Format Tersedia

Proposal & Macam2 Penelitian (MHS)

Diunggah oleh

Hak Cipta:

Format Tersedia

4/19/2010 Proposal Penelitian (MHS)

Anda mungkin juga menyukai