OCCUPATIONAL STRESS

Mary Yong Meng Yoong

Supt Kaunseling
Bahagian Agama dan Kaunseling (BAKA)
 What is STRESS?

 Physical / Psychological response to a

stimulus

 A mismatch between PERCEIVED

DEMANDS and PERCEIVED ABILITY
to cope
 Is Stress GOOD or BAD?

 EUSTRESS (Good Stress) - Stress that you

can manage

DISTRESS (Bad Stress) – Severe and

Persistent stress resulting in psychological /
physiological strain
What is Organisational Stress?

Interaction of work conditions with

characteristics of the worker such
that the demands of work exceed
the ability of the worker to cope
with them
 Work setting variables that
influence occupational stress

 Role Characteristics
Role Characteristics

• Role Ambiguity
• Role Overload
• Role Underload
• Role Conflict
 Work setting variables that
influence occupational stress

 Role Characteristics
 Job Characteristics
Job Characteristics
 Work Pace
 Repetition of Work
 Shift Work
 Task Attributies
Work setting variables
that influence
occupational stress
Role Characteristics
Job Characteristics
Interpersonal Work
Relationship
Interpersonal work relationship

With Co-workers
 With Supervisors
 With Clients / customers
Work setting variables
that influence
occupational stress
Role Characteristics
 Job Characteristics

 Interpersonal Work Relationsh

 Organisational structure and
climate
 Organisational structure and
climate
 Organisational Structure
 Position / Level within an
organisation
 Organisational Territory
 Work setting variables that
influence occupational stress
 Role Characteristics

 Job Characteristics
 Interpersonal Work Relationship
 Organisational structure and
climate
 Human resource management
practices
Human resource management practices
 Entering the work place

 Lacking training
 Building and maintaining a career
 Performance Feedback
 Rewards
 Job future ambiguity and insecurity
 Job / Career Transitions
INTERVENTIONS
 Classes Intervention Strategy

Avoiding stressors Family / work balance

through life adjustments Career planning
or adjusting demand
levels

Altering stress-inducing Type A Behaviour pattern

behaviour patterns

Developing coping Social support

resources
Time management
Life events Score Life events Score
Death of partner 100 Child leaves home 29
Divorce 73 Trouble with in-laws 29
Separation from partner 65 Outstanding personal
J ail sentence 63 achievement 28
Death of a close family 63 Partner begins or stop work 26
member Child begins or ends school 26
Injury or illness to yourself 53 Change in living conditions 25
Marriage – your own 50 Change of personal habits 24
Given the sack at work 47 Trouble with boss or employer 23
Reconciliation with Change in working hours and
partner 45 conditions 20
Retirement 45 Change in residence 20
Ill health in member of family 44 Child changes schools 20
Pregnancy – your own 40 Change in recreation 19
Sexual problems/difficulties 39 Change in church activities 19
Addition of new family Change in social activities 18
member 39 Take on a small mortgage or loan 17
Major business or work Change in sleeping habits 16
changes 39 Change in number of family
Change in your financial state 38 get – togethers 15
Death of a friend 37 Change in eating habits 15
Change to a different type Holiday 13
of work 36 Christmas (coming soon) 12
More arguments with partner 35 Minor violations of the law 11
Take on a large mortgage 31
Mortgage or loan foreclosed 30
Change in responsibilities
at work 29

* Holmes and Rahe’s Life Change Index, J ournal of Psychomatic Research, 1967 vol.II
 Classes Intervention Strategy

Avoiding stressors Family / work balance

through life adjustments Career planning
or adjusting demand
levels

Altering stress-inducing Type A Behaviour pattern

behaviour patterns

Developing coping Social support

resources
Time management
 TYPE A BEHAVIOUR
-A never-ending struggle to accomplish,
produce, get more things done than the time
permits, impatience, irritability, anger
- Suffer from a hidden lack of self esteem
insecurity
Self-esteem + insecurity struggle with
TIME
-Sees the darker side of other people –
suspicious, distrust
-Free floating hostility – almost everything is not
appropriate in the environment
 CHARACTERISTICS OF TYPE A
BEHAVIOUR
Agitated Poor listeners
Hasty Over competitive
Perfectionist Over ambitious
Impatient Hurried

TIPS FOR MANAGING TYPE A

BEHAVIOUR
7.Review your success
8.Believe in your ability to change
9.Self appraisal
 Classes Intervention Strategy

Avoiding stressors Family / work balance

through life adjustments Career planning
or adjusting demand
levels

Altering stress-inducing Type A Behaviour pattern

behaviour patterns

Developing coping Social support

resources
Time management
 Classes Intervention Strategy

Monitoring stressors and Stress diary

symptoms Muscle monitoring
Tension thermometer

Marshalling resources and Social skills training

Assertive training
attacking stressors
Problem solving skills

Cognitive restructuring
Tolerating unavoidable
Stress inoculation training
stressors

Deep breathing EFT

Lowering stressful arousal Meditation Hypnosis
Yoga Biofeedback
Physical exercise Massage
 COGNITIVE RESTRUCTURING
Irrational beliefs (self defeating )
Belief System
Over reacting / under reacting to the
stressors
AIM – Help individual cope with the stress
by changing their belief or cognitions
Help client see that it is his thoughts
and beliefs that mediate the response
Objective – Tolerate the stressor by
replacing negative feelings with neutral or
less negative ones
 A-B-C MODEL ( REBT)
A = Activitating event (Divorce)
B = Belief (Failure as a spouse )
C = Emotional and Behaviourial
consequence (Depression)
D = Disputing Intervention ( Counselling
to change irrational
beliefs)
E = Effect (Replacing unhealthy
thoughts with healthy ones)
F = New Feeling
 Classes Intervention Strategy

Monitoring stressors and Stress diary

symptoms Muscle monitoring
Tension thermometer

Marshalling resources and Social skills training

Assertive training
attacking stressors
Problem solving skills

Cognitive restructuring
Tolerating unavoidable
Stress inoculation training
stressors

Deep breathing EFT

Lowering stressful arousal Meditation Hypnosis
Yoga Biofeedback
Physical exercise Massage
EMOTIONAL FREEDOM
TECHNIQUE (EFT)
 Apakah EFT?
Bermula pada tahun 1970s – oleh
psychologis Dr Roger Callahan yang
menggabungkan teori quantum,
kinesiologi dan accupressure untuk
membantu klien yang mempunyai isu
phobias dan traumatic stress
disorders.
“The Beliau menggunakan kaedah
‘tapping’ pada median tertentu.
cause of
all Ia juga dikenali sebagai Thought
Field Therapy (TFT).
negative
emotions Gary Craig, sebagai pelajar Dr
Callahan. Memudahkan proses ini
is a dan menamakan tekniknya sebagai
Emotional Freedom Techniques, or
EFT bermula pada
asas tenaga dalam
badan yang dikaitkan
dengan ‘meridian’
atau dipanggil ‘energy
circuts’ yang terus
berhubung dengan
tubuh fizikal serta
emosi.

Dengan
mengenalpasti median
tertentu, ia
memudahkan
perjalanan ‘tenaga’
dalam badan.
Apakah EFT?

Apabila berlaku
ketidakseimbangan
tenaga di dalam tubuh,
maka ia akan
menyebabkan terwujud
gangguan emosi yang
mengganggu fikiran.
‘Energy’ dalam tubuh
perlu diseimbangkan
dan teknik EFT ini
dapat membantu.
KEGUNAAN EFT
EFT digunakan untuk menangani
isu-isu seperti:-
• Trauma & Stress
• Kemurungan
• Phobia
• Sakit-sakit kepala / badan
• Kegemukkan
• Kekecewaan
• Sukar untuk tidur
• Keresahan
• Tabiat tertentu seperti merokok,
OCD
……………….dan banyak lagi.
 Raja Kamariah Raja Hj Mohd Khalid
Certified Psycho Spiritual Hypnotherapist
Member of Malaysian Society of Complimentary Therapist
(A 1139 Hypnotherapy)

Memahami EFT
Member of Malaysian Board of Hypnosis and Hypnotherapy
 Resepi EFT

1. NYATAKAN ISU.
2. SKALA.
• Nyatakan skala ‘beban’ isu yg ditanggung
(terendah) 1---2---3---4---5---6---7---8---9---10 (tertinggi)
• Contoh: sakit kepala sekarang pada
skala 9
3. AFFIRMATION  STATEMENT
EVEN  THOUGH  I  AM  STRESS 
OUT,  I  TRULY AND 
COMPLETELY  ACCEPT  
MYSELF
 3 4
1 Karate chop
2 Thumb 2
5
Tap on the 
3 Forefinger
white spots 
7 times 
4 Middle Finger
1 while 
5 Little finger saying the 
affirmation 
statement
1 Soft spot ­ Rub the 
Sore Spot (where  2
you’d pin a medal on 
your chest)  3

2 Inner end of brow 4
5
3 Outer end of eye
4 Below eye 6

5 Philtrum
6 Middle of lower   lip
7
7 1” below collarbone
1
8 4” below armpit

8
 Resepi EFT

4. RASAI PERUBAHAN PERASAAN.

• Nyatakan baki skala ‘beban’ isu yg
ditanggung
(terendah) 1---2---3---4---5---6---7---8---9---10 (tertinggi)
• Contoh: sakit kepala sekarang pada
skala 4

5. ULANGI TEKNIK EFT

 Classes Intervention Strategy

Monitoring stressors and Stress diary

symptoms Muscle monitoring
Tension thermometer

Marshalling resources and Social skills training

Assertive training
attacking stressors
Problem solving skills

Cognitive restructuring
Tolerating unavoidable
Stress inoculation training
stressors

Deep breathing EFT

Lowering stressful arousal Meditation Hypnosis
Yoga Biofeedback
Physical exercise Massage
 Hypnosis
Hypnosis is a relaxing, naturally occurring state of mind
which happens to us every day. Each time we read a
captivating novel, float off in a daydream or see an
engrossing movie we are in a natural state of
hypnosis.
For thousands of years people have recognized the
power of hypnosis to enhance learning, heal emotional
scars, improve performance, change habits and speed
the healing process.
Science is only now beginning to understand the
awesome power the unconscious mind wields. It
wasn't until 1958 that the American Medical Association
recognized hypnosis as a valid therapeutic tool. The
medical field is also beginning to recognize the major
role "psychological" factors play in illness and healing.
 .
WHY IS CHANGE SOMETIMES DIFFICULT?

Why is change sometimes difficult? Because most habits, beliefs and

attitudes are maintained and stored in the unconscious mind - and most
people are trying to change consciously! Hypnosis is direct unconscious
communication.
Your unconscious is the best learning machine that has ever existed. If
instructed properly healthier, more productive patterns, ideas, beliefs,
attitudes and actions result.
THE POWER OF HYPNOSIS
During hypnotism, direct communication with your unconscious mind
can be established. In a hypnotic trance, if we are guided properly, our
minds and bodies are able to accept change much more readily.
In hypnosis you are in control. The hypnotist is merely the guide who leads
you through this comfortable, inspiring experience. The door is open to
the abilities and resources of the ultra-powerful unconscious mind.
 Classes Intervention Strategy

Monitoring stressors and Stress diary

symptoms Muscle monitoring
Tension thermometer

Marshalling resources and Social skills training

Assertive training
attacking stressors
Problem solving skills

Cognitive restructuring
Tolerating unavoidable
Stress inoculation training
stressors

Deep breathing EFT

Lowering stressful arousal Meditation Hypnosis
Yoga Biofeedback
Physical exercise Massage
THE AAAbc’s OF STRESS MANAGEMENT
Keeping the Fire Alive – Joe E. Dunlap and
J. Douglas Stewart
Stress Management is a decision making process
• Alter it – removing the source of stress

• Avoid it – removing oneself from the

stressful situation/how not to
get there
• Accept it
-building resistance
-changing your perception
 UJIAN STRES

Gambar-gambar berikut digunakan untuk menguji tahap

pengurusan stres

Lagi perlahan gambar bergerak, lagi tinggi tahap

pengurusan anda.

Gambar-gambar ini tidak animated – ia adalah statik.

 STRESS AND POLICING
Hans Selye – Father of Stress (1978)
“ Police work ranks as one of the most hazardous
occupations, even exceeding the formidable
stresses and strains of air traffic control”

Somodeville (1978)
“A police officer is under stress and pressure
unequalled by any other occupation”

Fennell (1981)
“Policing is the most dangerous job in the world
emotionally”
END