9 April 2013 Pengecapan

Physiology of Taste
Prof. Dr. Jenny Sunariani , drg., MS

Oral Biology S1 FKG - UnAir 9 April 2013
Digestive System
Major Parts of the Machine

food, water intake oxygen intake
Based on: Starr, C. Biology: Concepts and Applications, Brooks/Cole
Digestive System
nutrients, water, salts
Respiratory System
elimination of carbon dioxide
oxygen
carbon dioxide
Circulatory System
water solutes
elimination of food residues rapid transport to and from all living cells
Urinary System
elimination of excess water salts, wastes
Digestive System
Mouth Salivary Glands
amylase
Esophagus
Stomach Small Intestine
Gastric Glands
HCl and pepsin
Pancreas amylase,
trypsin, lipase
Liver bile Small Intestine Large Intestine

maltase and peptidase
Saliva
Related:
Body Fluid Ren Ion (kation and anion)

The Salivary Glands

Decreasing fluid intake . . . Oral rehydrating fluids Fears: dehydration, thirst Remind families, caregivers dehydration does not cause distress dehydration may be protective Parenteral fluids may be harmful fluid overload, breathlessness, cough, secretions Mucosa / conjunctiva care
Nervous control of salivary secretion

endpieces and ducts are innervated by parasympathetic and
sympathetic nerves the main agonists are ACh (parasympathetic) and noradrenaline (sympathetic)
main stimulus of secretion is from the parasympathetic pathway acting via signals from the salivary nuclei excited by both taste and tactile areas of the tongue
also excited via stimuli arriving at the salivary nuclei from higher centres of CNS - such as smell or thinking of food salivation also occurs in response to reflexes from stomach and upper intestines following gastric irritability - saliva serving to dilute the digesta
Jenny Sunariani Kuliah Biologi Oral S1 FKG-Unair 4 May 2012
Digestive Secretions: Ions and water

Ions: H+, K+, Na+, HCO3-, Cl From interstitial fluid to the GIT lumen across epithelial basolateral and apical membranes H2O follows osmotic gradient thus created Transporters:
Na+/K+ ATPase H+/K+ ATPase Na+/K+/2Cl- symporter, Cl-/HCO3- antiporter
- Active transport - Facilitated diffusion
Ion channels
Na+, K+, Cl- channels

special senses
TASTE

Taste:
Must be disolved in saliva Na channel open Potensial action Correlation with body need: Adrenalectomy animal : drink electrolit water Hypogicemia : sweet

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Respons Test on Receptors Cells

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The taste buds located in papillae on the tongue contain taste cells that communicate with sensory nerve fibers. Microvilli on taste cells contain receptor proteins that match chemicals in food. The brain determines the taste according to a weighted average of incoming impulses from taste buds sensitive to either sweet, sour, salty, or bitter tastes.

Taste
Papillae (named according to shape) a. Vallate (surrounded by a wall) Largest, not many b. Fungiform (mushroom shape) Scattered irregularly c. Foliate (leaf shape) Distributed in folds on the side of the tongue. Most sensitive d. Filiform (filament shape) Embedded in epithelium of the tongue and mouth Prof. Dr. Jenny Sunariani , drg., MS
Histology two types of specialized epithelial cells
Support cells (exterior support capsule)

Gustatory or taste cells (inside taste bud) Microvilli called gustatory hairs extend from apex to the gustatory or taste pore. Function Receptors on hairs detect dissolved substances Taste sensation. Taste types Sour H ion/acids Salty metal ions/inorganics salt Sweet carbohydrat, proteins (amino acids, and sugars) Bitter - alkaloids such as quinine, caffeine, nicotine Umami glutamate, proteins and amino acids

Anterior tounge: sensitive to changes of: Temperature Tactile Pain Pressure
Taste bud: ephiteliun cells, supporting cells, taste cells, taste pore, taste hair.

Taste (Gustation)
1. Location - oral cavity (mostly in papillae of tongue) 2. Structures/receptors chemoreceptors (respond to chemicals dissolved in saliva) 3. Nerve pathways from taste buds in: * mouth/tongue: facial - anterior 2/3 of tongue) and glossopharyngeal (posterior 1/3) * lower pharynx and epiglottis: vagus Prof. Dr. Jenny Sunariani , drg., MS
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Taste Pathways

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Taste
Synapses facial, glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves carry impulses to medulla some fibers from medulla synapse with parasympathetic fibers to initiate reflexes for saliva and gastric juice secretion (also gagging or vomiting) other fibers from medulla carry impulses to thalamus fibers from thalamus carry impulses to gustatory area (parietal lobe), hypothalamus and cerebral limbic system Final destinations: gustatory area (parietal lobe), hypothalamus and cerebral limbic system NOTE: receptors for taste and smell complement each other and respond to many of the same stimuli most (~80%) of what we call taste is really smell mouth also contains: thermoreceptors, mechanoreceptors, nociceptors (carried by trigeminal nerve)

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Taste Bud
Integration centre: Brain stem Nuclei of Tr. Solitarius Nucleus ventral posterior medial Thalamus Lower tip of the gyrus post centralis cortex parietalis near by SSA. I for tongue area Nucl. Salivatorius N. VII (Facialis) Submaxillaris gland Inf. sup
S A L I V A R E F L E X
E S
P a t h w a y s
Submandibularis gland
Saliva Scretion
Parotis Gland: served by N.IX (glossopharyngeus)
Taste pathway:
1/3 posterior IX aferent 2/3 anterior VII aferent Pharynx/Glottis X aferent Gustatory to contralateral ventro-postero-medialis talamus ( VPM) cortex of gustatory ( parietalis).

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Mechanism of Salty Transduction

Prototip: cooking salt ion of Na. Receptor sensitive toinsulator of amiloride. Ionotropic Receptor Na channels sensitive Na channels voltagegate. Ion of Na (salty) dif. Na depolarisasi ion influks of Ca Release of NT salty

Mechanism of Acid Transduction Receptor 2 way of :

1. Ion of H/diffusion proton via canal of Na amiloride ion of H close ion canal of K 2. depolarisasi ion canal of Ca open ion influks of Ca release of NT transmission of impul nerve of aferen.

Mechanism of Sweet Transduction

Sweet Molecule: R metabotropik = NA G-protein, and c-AMP of PKA ion channel fosforilisasi of K ion channel of K close
Depolarisasi
Sweet

Mechanism of Transduction Feel Bitterly

2 way transdution :
1. Compound of Ca2+ and quinine pass short band=feel BITTERLY closing ion canal of K depolarisasi Ca influks etc. 1. Band of Metabotropik : G-protein II system messenger cascade of phosphoinositol C phospholipase traphosphat inositol ion of Ca ER release of NT.

Mechanism of Transduction Feel Deliciously

Feel acid of amino (glutamat, arginin) Anticipated y there is 2 way of transduction: Ionotropik Receptor ion canal of Na open Ca influks 2. Metabotropik Receptor: system cAMP and phosphoinositol.

Summary
Innate and Learned Taste Preferences

Specific Hunger
An innate taste preference Refers to ability of animals to compensate for deficiencies in diet by selecting foods with missing nutrients Example: damage to adrenal cortex can impair sodium retention by kidney leading to seeking out of salty foods Prof. Dr. Jenny Sunariani , drg., MS
Genetika Taste receptors

TAS1R1 TAS1R2 TAS1R3 TAS2R1 TAS2R3 TAS2R4 TAS2R5 TAS2R7 TAS2R8 TAS2R9 TAS2R10 TAS2R13 TAS2R14 TAS2R16
taste receptor, type 1, member 1 taste receptor, type 1, member 2 taste receptor, type 1, member 3 taste receptor, type 2, member 1 taste receptor, type 2, member 3 taste receptor, type 2, member 4 taste receptor, type 2, member 5 taste receptor, type 2, member 7 taste receptor, type 2, member 8 taste receptor, type 2, member 9 taste receptor, type 2, member 10 taste receptor, type 2, member 13 taste receptor, type 2, member 14 taste receptor, type 2, member 16
T1R1, TR1 T1R2, TR2 T1R3 T2R1, TRB7 T2R3 T2R4 T2R5 T2R7, TRB4 T2R8, TRB5 T2R9, TRB6 T2R10, TRB2 T2R13, TRB3 T2R14, TRB1 T2R16
Appetide
Colour Smell Memori Tactile Temperatur Kinesthetica Gen Leptin Grehlin NPY Prof. Dr. Jenny Sunariani , drg., MS
Zam Zam: 2013

taste 2 receptors (TAS2R): Reseptor rasa pahit dikode oleh family gen (Behrens et al., 2007). Gen TAS2R16 salah satu gen Famili yang paling banyak dipelajari dalam famili reseptor rasa pahit (Li et al., 2011). Gen: deteksi salicin dan senyawa pahit alami lainnya: natrium
benzoate, amygdalin, arbutin, helicin, dsalicin, sinigrin, danfenil beta-D-glucopyranosid (Bufe et al.,2002; Wiener et al.,2011). Kurus-tidak suka makan panjang umur Centenarian:

orang-orang yang hidup 100 tahun lebih
Leptin (Greek (leptos) meaning thin) is a 16-kDa protein hormone plays a key role in regulating energy intake and energy expenditure, including appetite/hunger and metabolism. It is one of the most important adipose-derived hormones. The Ob(Lep) gene (Ob for obese, Lep for leptin) is located on chromosome 7 in humans. It functions by binding to the leptin receptor.

Grehlin
hormone produced mainly by P/D1 cells lining the fundus of the human stomach and epsilon cells of the pancreas stimulates hunger. increase before meals and decrease after meals. counterpart of the hormone leptin, produced by adipose tissue, which induces satiation when present at higher levels. In some bariatric procedures, the level of ghrelin is reduced in patients, thus causing satiation before it would normally occur.
NPY = Neuropeptide Y
36-amino acid neuropeptide that acts as a neurotransmitter in the brain and in the autonomic nervous system In the ANS is mainly produced by neurons of the sympathetic nervous system and serves as a strong vasoconstrictor and also causes growth of fat tissue.[ In the brain it is produced in various locations including the hypothalamus, and is thought to have several functions, including: increasing food intake and storage of energy as fat, reducing anxiety and stress, reducing pain perception, affecting the circadian rhythm, reducing voluntary alcohol intake, lowering blood pressure and controlling epileptic seizures.[1][
Pain in Taste

Substance:
From: Capsaicin: Chili
Khavaisin: Pepper
Hot Taste: Nociceptor in Taste (N.V)

(modification by Jenny Sunariani, 2005)
Stimulant: Capsicum or Cayenne
CAPSICUM ANNUUM
External: topical stimulant, Rubefacient and counter-irritant Used for local pain, neuralgia, pleurodynia, intercostals neuralgia, toothache, chronic rheumatic pains, lumbago, chilblains. Can be used to promote circulation and tissue repair in gum disease, pharyngitis and hoarseness (gargle).

Capsicum
Capsaicin inhibits release of neurotransmitter substance P, after an initial stimulation. It stimulates adrenal secretion from the medulla (adrenaline) and cortex (cortisol). It reduces serum triglycerides. Inhibits gastric motility, increases duodenal motility. Increases mucosal blood flow and vascular permeability. Stimulates sensitive areas in stomach and duodenum, which afford protection against ulcers (also when stimulated by acid).

Capsicum or Cayenne
Internal: stimulant to heart and circulation; Peripheral circulatory insufficiency, Raynaud's, intermittent claudication. Stimulant and tonic to the gastro-intestinal tract; Membranes pale, relaxed, or flabby; Impaired secretion; Chronic gastric catarrh in absence of inflammation. Atonic dyspepsia; Gastric flatulence
Capsicum Interaction
Ace inhibitors: capsicum has the ability to normalize both low and high blood pressure and is often used to equalize blood pressure; Hence capsaicin may interfere with the blood-pressure regulating functions of ACE inhibitors. Capsaicin may also aggravate cough due to ace-inhibitor drugs.

Capsicum Interaction
Anticoagulants & Antiplatelet drugs Increases coagulants effect and also has a additive effect so monitor pt/inr Barbiturates : Increased or decreased effect, depending on the length of time capsaicin is administered

TASTE PATHWAY
Primary afferents parts of cranial nerves VII, IX and X which go to brainstem 2nd order neurons project to ipsilateral thalamus 3rd order neurons --> taste cortex
Also Find in Gut:

Taste
2. Endocrine gland responds (eg. pancreas)
1. Change in ion or nutrient levels in blood (eg. glucose)
3. Hormone secreted (eg. insulin)
2005
1 Perbedaan Derajat Keasaman (pH) Saliva akibat Pemakaian Jangka Panjang Pasta Gigi Berdeterjen Sodium Lauryl Sulphate 5% dengan pasta gigi Non Deterjen. Mutia Rochmawati, Anis Irmawati dan Jenny Sunariani. Majalah Ilmu Faal Indonesia Vol. 8, No. 1. Juni ISSN 0215.1995 Akreditasi Dirjen Dikti No. 56/Dikti/Kep/2005.
Perubahan Konsentrasi IL-1 dan Gustducin Terhadap Rasa Pengecap Pahit pada Demam Bitter Taste In Inflammation
Jenny Sunariani, Abstract e journal-Folia Sunarko Setyawan Medica Fakultas Kedokteran 2005 Majalah Ilmu Faal Indonesia Vol.7 No. 1 Oktober 2007 ISSN 0215.1995 Akreditasi Dirjen Dikti No. 56/Dikti/Kep/2005
Unair
Jenny Sunariani
2006/2007
1 Effect Of IL-1 and Gustducin Expression Change On Bitter Taste During Fever Jenny Sunariani Majalah Kedokteran Gigi (Dental Journal) Vol. 41 No. 2 AprilJuni 2008 ISSN. 0852-9027 Terakreditasi No. 48/Dikti/Kep/2006
Change Of IL-1 Concentration And Intracellular Calcium (Ca2+Ic) As An Indicator Of Increased Bitter Taste In Thypoid Fever
Jenny Sunariani
Folia Medica Indonesiana Vol. 44 No. 3 July-September 2008 Issn. 0303-7932 Accredited No. 167/DIKTI/Kep/2007
2007
Perbedaan Persepsi Jenny Sunariani, Pengecapan Rasa Asin Antara Yuliati, Bestari Aflah Usia Subur dan Usia Lanjut
Majalah Ilmu Faal Indonesia Vol.6 No. 3 Juni 2007 ISSN 0215.1995 Akreditasi Dirjen Dikti No. 56/Dikti/Kep/2005 2007 Folia Medica Indonesiana Vol. 44 No. 3 July-September 2008 Issn. 0303-7932 Accredited No. 167/DIKTI/Kep/2007
Change Of IL-1 Concentration Jenny Sunariani And Intracellular Calcium (Ca2+Ic) As An Indicator Of Increased Bitter Taste In Thypoid Fever
2008
1 Efek Perubahan Warna Minuman Terhadap Persepsi Rasa Pengecapan Sandra, Yuliati, Jenny Sunariani Jurnal PDGI ISSN. 0024 9548, Edisi Khusus Kongres PDGI XXIII, Maret 2008 Kongres Nasional XIII IAIFI Seminar Nasional XVII IAIFI Hotel Garuda Plaza, Medan 06-08 Agustus 2008 Kongres Nasional XIII IAIFI Seminar Nasional XVII IAIFI Hotel Garuda Plaza, Medan 06-08 Agustus 2008 Dimuat dalam e-jurnal Biology Oral FKG UNAIR Vol 1 No 1. September
Mekanisme Peningkatan Sensitivitas Indera Pengecap Umami Akibat Pemberian Monosodium Glutamat (MSG) pada Usia Lanjut Korelasi Antara Massa Tubuh Dengan Sensitivitas Indera Pengecap Rasa Manis
Khoirun Nisa, Jenny Sunariani, Anis Irmawati
Olivia Ekaputra Winata, Jenny Sunariani, Anis Irmawati
Comparision of sour taste Upayati Ifarum, Anis sensitivity between detergen Irmawati, Jenny tooth paste and detergen tooth Sunariani
2009
Ekspresi Gustducin pada saluran Jenny Sunariani. Pencernaan. Hubungan Fisiologis Neuroepitel Jenny Sunariani. Lidah dengan Usus.
Disajikan dalam Seminar Rutin Biologi Oral -FKG 2009 Disajikan dalam Seminar Ilmiah Rutin IAIFI cabang Surabaya. 2009
Effect Of Gustducin and Calcium Jenny Sunariani, Hibah Penulisan Interna Intracelluler (Ca2+Ic) Expression Sunarko Setyawan, 2009sional tahun Change During Fever. Yuliati.
2010
1 Perubahan Sensitivitas Indera Pengecap Rasa Manis Akibat Latihan Fisik Aerobik.
Perubahan Sensitivitas Indera Pengecap Rasa Manis Akibat Latihan Fisik Aerobik. Perbandingan persepsi Rasa Manis antara pemberian chlorhexidine Gluconate dan Povidonelodine
Ni Luh Putu A.W, Anis Irmawati, Jenny Sunariani

Ni Luh Putu A.W, Anis Irmawati, Jenny Sunariani Bella Novalina, Jenny Sunariani, Sophia E,W
Di sajikan dalam Seminar di IAIFI di Palembang, 14 s/d 17 Oktober 2010. 2010

Di sajikan dalam Seminar di IAIFI di Palembang, 14 s/d 17 Oktober 2010. 2010 2010
2011
1 Efek sodium Lauryl Sulphate terhadap perubahan Vili Intestinal Nino Mayangsari, Jenny Sunariani, Annisa Chusida Lia Betsyba N, Jenny Sunariani, Sophia Eleonora Hermin Sulistyorini, Jenny Sunariani, Agung Sosiawan 2011
Duo Denum
2
Efek Leptin terhadap perubahan tinggi epitel papilla fungiformis pada tikus wistar dengan kondisi Diabetes Melitus (DM)Tipe 2 Perubahan morfologik Chief Cells pada tikus diabetes Melitus (DM) tipe 2
2011
2011
Perbedaan sensitivitas indera pengecap rasa asin pada wanita menopause dan Postmenopause
Elfa Rushdah Ekandini, Jenny Sunariani, Ester Arijani
2011
2012
1 Perubahan morfologik sel Hepatosit Fika Ariesta akibat pemberian Leptin pada tikus Agustine, Jenny model Diabetes Melitus tipe 2 Sunariani, Edhi Jularso 2011
Perbedaan sensitivitas pengecap rasa asin antara kebiasaan mengkonsumsi makanan pedas dan mengkonsumsi makanan tidak pedas
Raindika Putri A, 2012 Jenny Sunariani
2013
1-8
Sedang berjalan Penelitian Leptin diabet dalam rongga mulut (8 komponen) Neurobiology and Neurochemistry of the taste
Irham, Donny, ........, Sari, Diesta, Aflah, Diesta, Bowo Marriot, 30 April 2013


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Physiology of Taste

Prof. Dr. Jenny Sunariani , drg., MS

Major Parts of the Machine

elimination of carbon dioxide

elimination of excess water salts, wastes

Liver bile Small Intestine Large Intestine

Body Fluid Ren Ion (kation and anion)

Prof. Dr. Jenny Sunariani , drg., MS

The Salivary Glands

Prof. Dr. Jenny Sunariani , drg., MS

Nervous control of salivary secretion

Jenny Sunariani Kuliah Biologi Oral S1 FKG-Unair 4 May 2012

Digestive Secretions: Ions and water

- Active transport - Facilitated diffusion

Prof. Dr. Jenny Sunariani , drg., MS

Prof. Dr. Jenny Sunariani , drg., MS

Prof. Dr. Jenny Sunariani , drg., MS

Respons Test on Receptors Cells

Prof. Dr. Jenny Sunariani , drg., MS

Prof. Dr. Jenny Sunariani , drg., MS

Histology two types of specialized epithelial cells

Support cells (exterior support capsule)

Prof. Dr. Jenny Sunariani , drg., MS

Anterior tounge: sensitive to changes of: Temperature Tactile Pain Pressure

Prof. Dr. Jenny Sunariani , drg., MS

Prof. Dr. Jenny Sunariani , drg., MS

Prof. Dr. Jenny Sunariani , drg., MS

Parotis Gland: served by N.IX (glossopharyngeus)

Prof. Dr. Jenny Sunariani , drg., MS

Prof. Dr. Jenny Sunariani , drg., MS

Mechanism of Salty Transduction

Prof. Dr. Jenny Sunariani , drg., MS

Mechanism of Acid Transduction Receptor 2 way of :

Prof. Dr. Jenny Sunariani , drg., MS

Mechanism of Sweet Transduction

Prof. Dr. Jenny Sunariani , drg., MS

Mechanism of Transduction Feel Bitterly

Prof. Dr. Jenny Sunariani , drg., MS

Mechanism of Transduction Feel Deliciously

Prof. Dr. Jenny Sunariani , drg., MS

Innate and Learned Taste Preferences

Genetika Taste receptors

Prof. Dr. Jenny Sunariani , drg., MS

Zam Zam: 2013

Prof. Dr. Jenny Sunariani , drg., MS

orang-orang yang hidup 100 tahun lebih

Prof. Dr. Jenny Sunariani , drg., MS

Prof. Dr. Jenny Sunariani , drg., MS

Hot Taste: Nociceptor in Taste (N.V)

Stimulant: Capsicum or Cayenne

Prof. Dr. Jenny Sunariani , drg., MS

Prof. Dr. Jenny Sunariani , drg., MS

Prof. Dr. Jenny Sunariani , drg., MS

Prof. Dr. Jenny Sunariani , drg., MS

Also Find in Gut:

Prof. Dr. Jenny Sunariani , drg., MS

1. Change in ion or nutrient levels in blood (eg. glucose)

3. Hormone secreted (eg. insulin)

Khoirun Nisa, Jenny Sunariani, Anis Irmawati

Olivia Ekaputra Winata, Jenny Sunariani, Anis Irmawati

Ni Luh Putu A.W, Anis Irmawati, Jenny Sunariani

Di sajikan dalam Seminar di IAIFI di Palembang, 14 s/d 17 Oktober 2010. 2010

Elfa Rushdah Ekandini, Jenny Sunariani, Ester Arijani