Direct Digital Control

Introduction

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Figure: Supervisory Computer Control

DDC structure

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Features
Interfaces directly with the process for data acquisition and control purpose. it has necessary hard ware (opto-isolator, signal conditioner, ADC) for interfacing directly with the process. It should have memory for performing ALU

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 Microprocessor performs the following tasks:

Reads Determines Outputs

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DDC Software
The two algorithms used for programming control loops are:
Position Algorithm Velocity Algorithm

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Position algorithm

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Flow chart for PID control 12

Draw backs
Lack of bumpless transfer from manual to auto switching Reset windup due to integral saturation in test mode. These are not present in velocity algorithm.

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Velocity Algorithm
In number of control loops, the final control element is stepper motor or stepper motor driven valve. In such cases, the requirement at the computer output will be a pulse train specifying the change in valve position. Thus output of position algorithm cannot be used, since it give the new position of the valve, in absolute term. In velocity algorithm, the computer calculates the required change in valve position. The output is digital pulse train which can be directly used in case valve is stepper motor driven. In case of other valves, stepper motor combined with slide wire arrangement as shown in figure can be used. The same function can be performed by an integrating amplifier.
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Velocity Algorithm

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Controller drift
The velocity algorithm should always include the integral term otherwise it will give rise to controller drift. To explain this we substitute the following equation in velocity algorithm

en = S - Vn

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 We get,

From above equation it is clear that if integral term is not there it will lead to controller drift and give rise to oscillations.

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 Let us consider the velocity algorithm with only proportional and integral terms:

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Integral overshoot
The above modification solves one problem but creates another problem integral oscillations When proportional term is assigned the integral term sign the set point will be reached at a faster rate where by integral overshoot occurs.

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Case of oscillation in velocity algorithm

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Effect of setpoint band in velocity algorithm

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Velocity algorithm flow chart

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Position Vs Velocity Algorithms

Reference point Reset wind up Auto manual switching

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Microcomputer based DDC

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