Jewish Blue Evil Eye

HAMSA

n Danish, the cupboard on the left is mrkebl dark blue and lysebl light blue (so no surprises there!), while the one on the right is mrkerd dark red and lyserd light red. In other words, Danish for pink is light red, so to a native Danish speaker the cupboard is painted in two shades of the same colour, just like the blue one.

Compare the situation in Russian where dark blue and light blue have separate words ( and ), and the latter has now taken on the additional meaning of gay.

D N A T U O Y LA E K I L T S I JU

S R O L CO

Micro and Macro-level Cultural Adaption

Middle Eastern and U.S. Leadership Styles

Adapted from Table 134: Japanese vs. U.S. Leadership Styles

Context Culture Conversation

Expertise Clients Methods

Leadership in China
The New Generation group
scored significantly higher on individualism than did the current and older generation groups scored significantly lower than the other two groups on collectivism and Confucianism

The New Generation group

grew up in period of relative openness and freedom, often called the Social Reform Era had greater exposure to Western societal influences

Summary
GLOBE findings
Cultural values influence leadership preferences Generally congruent, but sometimes seen as mitigating cultural attributes (e.g. preference for Humane-Oriented leadership in assertive cultures)

At the same time, there appears to be more considerable universalism in leadership

Globalization is resulting to some degree in a convergence of work values. A participative approach appears to be gaining in popularity across cultures, may become more important as countries advance economically

Middle Eastern and U.S. Leadership Styles

Adapted from Table 134: Japanese vs. U.S. Leadership Styles

European Leadership Practices

Most European managers tend to reflect more participative and democratic attitudes but not in every country
French and Germans prefer more authoritarian approach

Organizational level, company size, and age seem to greatly influence attitudes toward leadership
Younger leaders, when surveyed in the 1960s and 1970s, were more participative than their elders, suggesting that European managers today may be more participative than in the past

What is Leadership?
Definition
The process of influencing people to direct their efforts toward the achievement of some particular goal or goals. Effective leadership involves the ability to inspire and influence the thinking, attitudes, and behavior of people (i.e. to motivate).

Leadership theories
Theories X, Y and Z Leadership Styles Transformational Leadership

The Search for Cultural Universals

Universal = Mode of behaviour existing in all cultures Universal aspects = opportunities to standardize some or all elements of a marketing program

What IS Culture ?

The integrated sum total of learned behavioural traits that are manifest & shared by members of society OR The way in which people in a society collectively attach meanings to concepts & contexts around them & respond on the basis of those meanings

What IS Culture ?

Culture as ways of living Conscious and unconscious values, ideas, attitudes, and symbols that shape human behaviour Culture is learned, not innate Culture defines the boundaries between different groups All facets of culture are interrelated

Components of Culture
social interactions among people; nuclear family, extended family; reference groups technologies that are used to produce, distribute, and consume goods and services
Social Interaction Material Life Language

language has two parts: the spoken and the silent language

Components of culture
Value System Aesthetics

values shape peoples norms and standards

Education

Religion

ideas and perceptions that a culture upholds in terms of beauty and good taste

One of the major vehicles to channel from one generation to the next

communitys set of beliefs that relate to a reality that cannot be verified empirically

Some Issues?
Is face important? Independence or interdependence? Egalitarian or hierarchical? Task focused or relationship focused? How important are connections? Status, titles, and family relationships? Gender-based expectations? Attitudes towards time? How important is relationship building in the target culture and how is it accomplished? Decision making: hierarchical or consensual? Negotiation tactics? How is conflict resolved?

GLOBAL CONTEXT CONT EXT

Italy Spain Chile Greece Portugal Algeria Russia Croatia Slovakia Romania France Poland Hungary Lithuania Israel Belgium South Africa Ireland Denmark Australia Norway, Netherlands, Austria. Czech U.S.A.

Brazil Venezeual

Germany Switzerland Luxembourg U.K. Sweden Latvia Finland Estonia Canada Singapore Taiwan Japan Vietnam

Chile Greece Russia Portugal Croatia Algeria Slovakia Romania France Poland Hungary Lithuania Israel Belgium South Africa Ireland Denmark Australia Norway, Netherlands, Austria. Czech U.S.A.

Italy Mexico Spain

Nigeria

Saudi Arabia Iraq U.A.E Turke y Iran India Pakistan Indonesia Malaysia Philippines Korea Thailand

China

Germany Switzerland Luxembourg U.K. Taiwan Sweden Hong Kong Latvia Finland Singapore Estonia Canada

Vietnam Japan

THE PINKHOUSE ARGNETINA

THE BLUE HOUSE SOUTH KOREA

THE WHITE HOUSE U.S.A>