FLUID DYNAMICS

Energy of A Flowing Fluid

A liquid may possess three forms of energy: If a liquid of weight W is at a height of z above datum line. Potential energy = Wz Potential energy per unit weight = z Unit : Nm/N can be called the potential head.

Potential energy

Energy of A Flowing Fluid

Pressure energy

When a fluid flows in a continuous stream under pressure it can do work. If the area of cross-section of the stream of fluid is a, then force due to pressure p on cross-section is pa.

Similarly the pressure energy per unit weight p/W is equivalent to a head and is referred to as the pressure head.

Energy of A Flowing Fluid

Kinetic energy

The kinetic energy per unit weight

Referred to as the velocity head.

Energy of A Flowing Fluid

Bernoullis Equation

Bernoullis Theorem states that the total energy of each particle of a body of fluid is the same provided that no energy enters or leaves the system at any point. The division of this energy between potential, pressure and kinetic

energy may vary, but the total remains

constant.

Bernoullis Equation

Limitation Bernoullis Equation

Bernoullis Equation has some restrictions in its applicability, they are :

The The

flow is steady density is constant (which also means the fluid is

compressible)
Friction The

losses are negligible

equation relates the state at two points along a single

streamline (not conditions on two different streamlines).

Application of Bernoullis Equation

Horizontal Pipe

Application of Bernoullis Equation

Application of Bernoullis Equation

Horizontal Venturi Meter
It is a device used for measuring the rate of flow of non-

viscous, incompressible fluid in non-rotational and steadystream lined flow. Although venturi meters can be applied to the measurement of gas, they are most commonly used for liquids.

The following treatment is limited to incompressible fluids.

Application of Bernoullis Equation

Application of Bernoullis Equation

Advantage & Disadvantages

The Venturi Meter described earlier is a reliable flow measuring device. It causes little pressure loss. For these reasons it is widely used, particularly for large-volume liquid and gas flows. This meter is relatively complex to construct and hence expensive especially for small pipelines.

Application of Bernoullis Equation

Application of Bernoullis Equation

Application of Bernoullis Equation

Application of Bernoullis Equation

Inclined Venturi Meter

This will show that the U-type of gauge is used to

measure the pressure difference.

The gauge reading will be the same for a given

discharge irrespective of the inclination of the meter.

Application of Bernoullis Equation

Application of Bernoullis Equation

OR

WHERE

EXAMPLE

EXAMPLE

The water supply to a gas water heater contracts from 10mm in diameter at A to 7 mm in diameter at B. If the pipe is horizontal, calculate the difference in pressure between A and B when the velocity of water at A is 4.5 m/s. The pressure difference operates the gas control through connections which is taken to a horizontal cylinder in which a piston of 20 mm diameter moves. Ignoring friction and the area of the piston connecting rod, what is the force on the piston?

Application of Bernoullis Equation

Small orifice
The

principle of the orifice meter is identical with that of the venturi meter. The reduction at the cross section of the flowing stream in passing through the orifice increases the velocity head at the expense of the pressure head, and the reduction in pressure between the taps is measured by a manometer. Bernoulli's equation provides a basis for correlating the increase in velocity head with the decrease in pressure head.

There are Section 1 (entrance of the orifice) and Section 2 (exit of the orifice also known as vena contracta). Vena contracta is the point in a fluid stream where the diameter of the stream is the least, and fluid velocity is at its maximum, such as in the case of a stream issuing out.

Application of Bernoullis Equation

WHERE,

TYPES OF ORIFICE

EXAMPLE
A meter orifice has a 100 mm diameter rectangular hole in the pipe. Diameter of the pipe is 250 mm. Coefficient of discharge, Cd = 0.65 and specific gravity of oil in the pipe is 0.9. The pressure difference that is measured by the manometer is 750 mm. Calculate the flow rate of the oil through the pipe.

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