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General power system

objective
• Review general energy and power system

• Application of fundamental knowledge of principal machines ,


transformer and other power device to large electrical
systems.

• To present general picture of typical electrical for High


voltage generation , transformation and distribution

• Difference between shipboard and land based HV power


generation
RECAP
• Principle of electrical machines
• Power generation, transformation and distribution
• Electromagnetism
• Induction and transformer
• Losses
• Single and 3 phase circuit
• Active and reactive power
• Electric machine and power
• Ancillaries
General Power Systems
• Majority of merchant ships have a 3-phase 3 wire, 440 V insulated neutral
earth power systems
• This power system falls in the category of LV and meets the power
demands of medium capacity motors up to 200 kW
• When large loads are connected to the LV system the magnitude of current
flow becomes too large resulting in overheating due to high iron and
copper losses
• P = VI Cos
• Copper loss = I2 R [kW]

• Losses in Electrical Systems


• Copper Losses in electrical cables and machine windings
• Hysteresis Loss in magnetic cores
• Eddy current loss in conductors and cores
• All these losses are current dependent and rise to very high levels in LV
machines for large power ratings
Introduction to Machinery Principles
An electric machine:
is a device that can convert either mechanical energy
to electric energy or vice versa.

A generator :
converts mechanical energy to electrical energy.

A motor:
converts electrical energy to mechanical energy.
Almost all practical motors and generators convert energy from
one form to another through the action of a magnetic field.
Another closely related device is the transformer.
Introduction to Machinery Principles . . . . .

A transformer:
is a device that converts ac electrical energy at one
voltage level to ac electrical energy at another voltage level, but
with the same frequency.
In general, transformers operate on the same principles as
generators and motors, and are usually studied together with
generators and motors.
These 3 types of devices are inevitable in modern daily life.
*Motors find applications in several home appliances.
*In the work place, motors provide the motive power for
almost all tools.
*Generators are essential to supply the power used by all these
motors.
INTRODUCTION

The electromagnetic system is a necessary element of all rotating


and static electric machinery and electromechanical devices.

The role of electromagnetic system is to establish and control


electromagnetic fields for carrying out conversion of energy, and
transfer.
Practically all motors and generators, depend upon the magnetic
field as the coupling medium allowing interchange of energy in
either direction between electrical and mechanical systems.
A transformer though not an electromechanical conversion
device, provides a means of transferring electrical energy
between two electrical ports via the medium of a magnetic field.
MAGNETIC FIELD . . . .

2. A time-changing magnetic field induces a voltage in


a coil of wire if it passes through that coil. This is the
basis of transformer action.

3. A current-carrying wire in the presence of a magnetic


field has a force induced on it. This is the basis of
motor action.
4. A moving wire in the presence of a magnetic field has a
voltage induced in it. This is the basis of the generator
action.
THREE – PHASE CIRCUITS
Int roducti on
Three-phase systems differ from single-phase systems in
that they use a set of three voltages instead of one.
In general, a three-phase system is merely a combination
of three single phase systems of which the three voltages
differ in phase by 120 electrical degrees from each other
in a particular sequence.

There are two basic three-phase connections, the wye


(star) and the delta connections.
Analysis of three-phase balanced circuits . . . .

Wye connection Delta connection

Voltage
V LL = 3VPh V LL = V Ph
magnitudes
Current
magnitudes
I L = I Ph I L = 3I Ph
ABC phase VAB leads VA by IA lags IAB by 30ο
sequence 30ο
ACB phase VAB lags VA by IA leads IAB by
sequence 30ο 30ο
Active power and reactive power calculations
The total average power absorbed by a three phase balanced load delivered
by a three-phase generator, is equal to the sum of the powers in each phase.
The voltage and current in each phase are equal.
The total 3-phase real power is, PT = 3PPh = 3VPh × I Ph × cos θ = 3 × VLL × I L × cos θ
where, θ is the phase 2
angle between the voltage and the current or,
V
PT = 3I Ph
2
× RPh = 3 Ph
RPh
Similarly, the total reactive power is, QT = 3QPh = 3VPh × I Ph × sin θ = 3 × V LL × I L × sin θ
V Ph2
or QT = 3I × X Ph
2
Ph =3 P1 P1 P1 P1
X Ph
Total apparent power is,
ST = PT ± jQT = 3VPh × I Ph
*

= 3 × VLL × I L* P2 P2

= 3 × I Ph
2
× Z Ph
V Ph2 P3 P3 P2 P2
or, S T = 3
Z Ph PT = P1 + P 2 + P 3 PT = P1 + P2

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