objective
• Review general energy and power system
A generator :
converts mechanical energy to electrical energy.
A motor:
converts electrical energy to mechanical energy.
Almost all practical motors and generators convert energy from
one form to another through the action of a magnetic field.
Another closely related device is the transformer.
Introduction to Machinery Principles . . . . .
A transformer:
is a device that converts ac electrical energy at one
voltage level to ac electrical energy at another voltage level, but
with the same frequency.
In general, transformers operate on the same principles as
generators and motors, and are usually studied together with
generators and motors.
These 3 types of devices are inevitable in modern daily life.
*Motors find applications in several home appliances.
*In the work place, motors provide the motive power for
almost all tools.
*Generators are essential to supply the power used by all these
motors.
INTRODUCTION
Voltage
V LL = 3VPh V LL = V Ph
magnitudes
Current
magnitudes
I L = I Ph I L = 3I Ph
ABC phase VAB leads VA by IA lags IAB by 30ο
sequence 30ο
ACB phase VAB lags VA by IA leads IAB by
sequence 30ο 30ο
Active power and reactive power calculations
The total average power absorbed by a three phase balanced load delivered
by a three-phase generator, is equal to the sum of the powers in each phase.
The voltage and current in each phase are equal.
The total 3-phase real power is, PT = 3PPh = 3VPh × I Ph × cos θ = 3 × VLL × I L × cos θ
where, θ is the phase 2
angle between the voltage and the current or,
V
PT = 3I Ph
2
× RPh = 3 Ph
RPh
Similarly, the total reactive power is, QT = 3QPh = 3VPh × I Ph × sin θ = 3 × V LL × I L × sin θ
V Ph2
or QT = 3I × X Ph
2
Ph =3 P1 P1 P1 P1
X Ph
Total apparent power is,
ST = PT ± jQT = 3VPh × I Ph
*
= 3 × VLL × I L* P2 P2
= 3 × I Ph
2
× Z Ph
V Ph2 P3 P3 P2 P2
or, S T = 3
Z Ph PT = P1 + P 2 + P 3 PT = P1 + P2