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The Gene Pool

Members of a species

can interbreed & produce fertile offspring Species have a shared gene pool Gene pool all of the alleles of all individuals in a population
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Different species

The Gene Pool

do NOT exchange genes by interbreeding Different species that interbreed often produce sterile or less viable offspring e.g. Mule

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A group of the

Populations

same species living in an area No two individuals are exactly alike (variations) More Fit individuals survive & pass on their traits
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Formation of new species One species may

Speciation

split into 2 or more species A species may evolve into a new species Requires very long periods of time

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Modern Evolutionary Thought

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 Combines Darwinian

Modern Synthesis Theory

selection and Mendelian inheritance Population genetics study of genetic variation within a population Emphasis on quantitative characters (height, size )
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 1940s comprehensive

Modern Synthesis Theory

theory of evolution (Modern Synthesis Theory) Introduced by Fisher & Wright Until then, many did not accept that Darwins theory of natural selection could drive evolution
A. Fisher

S. Wright

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Modern Synthesis Theory

TODAYS theory on evolution Recognizes that GENES are responsible for the inheritance of characteristics Recognizes that POPULATIONS, not

individuals, evolve due to natural selection & genetic drift Recognizes that SPECIATION usually is due to the gradual accumulation of small genetic changes
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Microevolution

Changes occur in gene pools due to

mutation, natural selection, genetic drift, etc. Gene pool changes cause more VARIATION in individuals in the population This process is called MICROEVOLUTION Example: Bacteria becoming unaffected by antibiotics (resistant)
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HardyWeinberg Principle
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The Hardy-Weinberg Principle

Used to describe a non-evolving population. Shuffling of alleles by meiosis and

random fertilization have no effect on the overall gene pool. Natural populations are NOT expected to actually be in HardyWeinberg equilibrium.
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The Hardy-Weinberg Principle

Deviation from Hardy-Weinberg

equilibrium usually results in evolution Understanding a non-evolving population, helps us to understand how evolution occurs

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5 Assumptions of the H-W Principle

1.Large population size 2.No migration
- small populations have fluctuations in allele frequencies (e.g., fire, storm). - immigrants can change the frequency of an allele by bringing in new alleles to a population.

3.No net mutations

- if alleles change from one to another, this will change the frequency of those alleles
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5 Assumptions of the H-W Principle

3.Random mating
- if certain traits are more desirable, then individuals with those traits will be selected and this will not allow for random mixing of alleles. - if some individuals survive and reproduce at a higher rate than others, then their offspring will carry those genes and the frequency will change for the next generation.
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4.No natural selection

Traits Selected for Random Mating

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The Hardy-Weinberg Principle

The gene pool of a NON-EVOLVING population remains CONSTANT over multiple generations (allele frequency doesnt change)
The Hardy-Weinberg Equation:

Where: p2 = frequency of AA genotype 2pq = frequency of Aa q2 = frequency of aa genotype

1.0 = p2 + 2pq + q2

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The Hardy-Weinberg Principle

Determining the Allele Frequency using Hardy-Weinberg:

Where: p = frequency of A allele q = frequency of a allele

1.0 = p + q

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Allele Frequencies Define Gene Pools

500 flowering plants

480 red flowers

320 RR 160 Rr

20 white flowers
20 rr

As there are 1000 copies of the genes for color, the allele frequencies are (in both males and females):
320 x (80%) 160 x (20%) 2 (RR) + 160 x 1 (Rr) = 800 R; 800/1000 = 0.8 R 1 (Rr) + 20 x 2 (rr) = 200 r; 200/1000 = 0.2 r
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Microevolution of Species
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 Genetic Drift

Causes of Microevolution

Natural Selection

- the change in the gene pool of a small population due to chance

- success in reproduction based on heritable

Gene Flow

traits results in selected alleles being passed to relatively more offspring (Darwinian inheritance) - Cause ADAPTATION of Populations
-is genetic exchange due to the migration of fertile individuals or gametes between populations

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Causes of Microevolution

Mutation
offspring

- a change in an organisms DNA - Mutations can be transmitted in gametes to

- Mates are chosen on the basis of the best traits

Non-random mating

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Genetic Drift
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 Bottleneck Effect

Factors that Cause Genetic Drift

- a drastic reduction in population (volcanoes, earthquakes, landslides ) - Reduced genetic variation - Smaller population may not be able to adapt to new
selection pressures

Founder Effect

- occurs when a new colony is started by a few members of the original population - Reduced genetic variation - May lead to speciation
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 Cheetahs have little genetic variation in their gene pool This can probably be attributed to a
population bottleneck they experienced around 10,000 years ago, barely avoiding extinction at the end of the last ice age

Loss of Genetic Variation

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Founders Effect

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Modes of Natural Selection

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 Directional Selection
-

Modes of Natural Selection

Disruptive selection
extreme phenotype

Favors individuals at one end of the phenotypic range Most common during times of environmental change or when moving to new habitats

- Favors extreme over intermediate phenotypes - Occurs when environmental change favors an
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Directional Selection

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Disruptive Selection

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 Stabilizing Selection
-

Modes of Natural Selection

Favors intermediate over extreme phenotypes Reduces variation and maintains the cureent average Example: Human birth weight

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Variations in Populations
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Geographic Variations

Variation in a species

due to climate or another geographical condition Populations live in different locations Example: Finches of Galapagos Islands & South America

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 Favors heterozygotes (Aa) Maintains both alleles (A,a) instead of

Heterozygote Advantage

removing less successful alleles from a population Sickle cell anemia > Homozygotes exhibit severe anemia, have abnormal blood cell shape, and usually die before reproductive age. > Heterozygotes are less susceptible to malaria
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Sickle Cell and Malaria

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 Mutations
-

Other Sources of Variation

- In stable environments, mutations often result in

little or no benefit to an organism, or are often harmful Mutations are more beneficial (rare) in changing environments (Example: HIV resistance to antiviral drugs)

Genetic Recombination

- source of most genetic differences between

individuals in a population -Often occurs between parasite & host and flowers & their pollinators
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Co-evolution

Coevolution

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