Bab 2 Diff

2.0 2.3 2.
1

2.2 2.4 2.5
Prepared by : Noor Azura Osman
2.0 2.3 2.1

2.2 2.4 2.5
2.0 2.3 2.1

2.2 2.4 2.5
( ) ( )
0
lim
h
f a h f a
h
+
is called the derivative of at . f
a
We write:
( )
( ) ( )
0
lim
h
f a h f a
f x
h
+
'
=
The derivative of f with respect to x is
There are many ways to write the derivative of ( )
y f x =
2.0 2.3 2.1

2.2 2.4 2.5
( )
f x
'
f prime x or
the derivative of f with respect to
x
y
' y prime
dy
dx
d y d x
or
the derivative of y with
respect to x
df
dx
d y d x
or
the derivative of f with
respect to x
( )
d
f x
dx
d y d x
or
the derivative of f of x
( of of ) d dx f x
2.0 2.3 2.1

2.2 2.4 2.5
dx does not mean d times x !
dy does not mean d times y !
2.0 2.3 2.1

2.2 2.4 2.5
dy
dx
does not mean
dy dx
(except when it is convenient to think of it as division.)
df
dx
does not mean !
df dx
(except when it is convenient to think of it as division.)
2.0 2.3 2.1

2.2 2.4 2.5
(except when it is convenient to treat it that way.)
( )
d
f x
dx
Does not mean times !
d
dx
( )
f x
2.0 2.3 2.1

2.2 2.4 2.5
continuous smooth.
2.0 2.3 2.1

2.2 2.4 2.5
If the derivative of a function is its slope, then for a
constant function, the derivative must be zero.
( )
0
d
c
dx
=
example:
3 y =
0 y
'
=
The derivative of a constant is zero.
2.0 2.3 2.1

2.2 2.4 2.5
( )
1 n n
d
x nx
dx

=
Examples:
( )
4
f x x =
( )
3
4 f x x
'
=
8
y x =
7
8 y x
'
=
Power Rule
If n is any real number, then
2.0 2.3 2.1

2.2 2.4 2.5
Constant Multiple Rule:
( )
d du
cu c
dx dx
=
If c is a constant and f is differentiable function,
then
1 n n
d
cx cnx
dx

=
5 4 4
7 7 5 35
d
x x x
dx
= =
Examples:
2.0 2.3 2.1

2.2 2.4 2.5
( )
d du dv
u v
dx dx dx
+ = +
4
12 y x x = +
3
4 12 y x
'
= +
The Sum Rule:
Example:
2.0 2.3 2.1

2.2 2.4 2.5
( )
d du dv
u v
dx dx dx
=
4 2
2 2 y x x = +
3
4 4
dy
x x
dx
=
The Difference Rule :
Example:
2.0 2.3 2.1

2.2 2.4 2.5
CHAIN RULE
2.0 2.3 2.1

2.2 2.4 2.5
1 . State the formula
dx
du
du
dy
dx
dy
* =
2. If,
y = ? ; u = ?
1
By using Chain Rule ;
dy/du = ? ; du/dx = ?
3. Substitute eq. 2 & 3 into 1

2 3
2.0 2.3 2.1

2.2 2.4 2.5
if,
2
) 2 ( + = x y
1
Find the derivative each of the following functions;
2
3
dx
du
du
dy
dx
dy
* =
2
u y =
2 + = x u
u
du
dy
2 =
1 =
dx
du
2.0 2.3 2.1

2.2 2.4 2.5
Substitute equation 2 & 3 into 1
) 2 ( 2
) 1 )( 2 ( 2
) 1 ( 2
+ =
+ =
=
x
dx
dy
x
dx
dy
u
dx
dy
2.0 2.3 2.1

2.2 2.4 2.5
1.

2.
3.

4.
5. 6.
( )
11
5 3 = x y
( )
5
2
2 + = x y
( )
9
2 3
3 2 5 x x x y + =
4
1
2
3
|
.
|
\
|
=
x
y
( )
6
2
5 2
2
x
y
=
( ) 2 3
1
4
+
=
x
y
2.0 2.3 2.1

2.2 2.4 2.5
PRODUCT RULE
.
2.0 2.3 2.1

2.2 2.4 2.5
Derivative
of the
product of
two
functions
1
st
function
* derivative
of 2
nd

function +
2
nd
function
* derivative
of 1
st

function

( )( ) 5 2 1 3 + = x x y
2.0 2.3 2.1

2.2 2.4 2.5

u = ?

v = ?

2. Let ,

1
dx
du
v
dx
dv
u
dx
dy
+ =
? =
dx
dv
? =
dx
du
2
3
3. Substitute the equation 2 & 3 in to 1

2.0 2.3 2.1

2.2 2.4 2.5
( )
d dv du
uv u v
dx dx dx
= +
This is sometimes memorized as:
( )
d uv u dv v du = +
( )( )
2 3
3 2 5
d
x x x
dx
(
+ +

=
( )
2
3 x +
( )
2
6 5 x + ( )
3
2 5 x x + + ( )
2x
4 2 2 4 2
6 5 18 15 4 10 x x x x x + + + + +
4 2
10 33 15 x x + +
The Product Rule:
=
=
2.0 2.3 2.1

2.2 2.4 2.5
Exercise:
( ) ( ) 3 1 2
4
5
+ = x x y
1.
( ) ( )
8
3
3
5 3 3 2 + = x x y
2.
( ) ( )
5
4
11
2 5 5 3 + = x x y 3.
4.
5.
( )
3
2
1 = x x y
2.0 2.3 2.1

2.2 2.4 2.5
Answer:
( ) ( ) 3 1 2
4
5
+ = x x y
1.
2.0 2.3 2.1

2.2 2.4 2.5
2
du dv
v u
d u
dx dx
dx v v
| |
=
|
\ .
or
2
u v du u dv
d
v v
| |
=
|
\ .
2.0 2.3 2.1

2.2 2.4 2.5

u = ?

v = ? ;

2. Let ,

? =
dx
dv
? =
dx
du
3. Substitute the equation 2 & 3 in to 1

2
du dv
v u
d u
dx dx
dx v v
| |
=
|
\ .
?
2
= v
2.0 2.3 2.1

2.2 2.4 2.5
( )
d dv du
uv u v
dx dx dx
= +
Example:
3
2
2 5
3
d x x
dx x
+
+
( )( ) ( )
( )
( )
2 2 3
2
2
3 6 5 2 5 2
3
x x x x x
x
+ + +
=
+
2.0 2.3 2.1

2.2 2.4 2.5
Exercise:
( )
( )
8
3
5
2
1
5 3
+
=
x
x
y 1.
2.
3.
4.
( )
( )
2
3
3
1 2
3
+
=
x
x
y
( )
( )
6
2
4
2
5 2
2 5
x
x x
y
+
=
( )
6
4
3
2 5 x
x
y
+
=
2.0 2.3 2.1

2.2 2.4 2.5
tan
d
x
dx
sin
cos
d x
dx x
( )
2
cos cos sin sin
cos
x x x x
x

2 2
2
cos sin
cos
x x
x
+
2
1
cos x
2
sec x
( )
2
tan sec
d
x x
dx
=
2.0 2.3 2.1

2.2 2.4 2.5
Derivatives of the remaining trigonometric functions
can be determined the same way.
sin cos
d
x x
dx
=
cos sin
d
x x
dx
=
2
tan sec
d
x x
dx
=
2
cot csc
d
x x
dx
=
sec sec tan
d
x x x
dx
=
csc csc cot
d
x x x
dx
=
2.0 2.3 2.1

2.2 2.4 2.5
sin cos
d
x x
dx
=
h
x h x
x
dx
d
h
sin ) sin(
lim sin
0
+
=

h
x x h h x
x
dx
d
h
sin cos sin cos sin
lim sin
0
+
=

h
x h
h
h x
x
dx
d
h h
cos sin
lim
) 1 (cos sin
lim sin
0 0
+
=
h
x h h x
x
dx
d
h
cos sin ) 1 (cos sin
lim sin
0
+
=

2.0 2.3 2.1

2.2 2.4 2.5
Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions
h
x h
h
h x
x
dx
d
h h
cos sin
lim
) 1 (cos sin
lim sin
0 0
+
=
= 0
= 1
( )
sin cos
d
x x
dx
=
2.0 2.3 2.1

2.2 2.4 2.5
h
x h x
x
dx
d
h
cos ) cos(
lim cos
0
+
=

h
x x h h x
x
dx
d
h
cos sin sin cos cos
lim cos
0

=

h
x h
h
h x
x
dx
d
h h
sin sin
lim
) 1 (cos cos
lim cos
0 0

=
h
x h h x
x
dx
d
h
sin sin ) 1 (cos cos
lim cos
0

=

Find the derivative of cos x
2.0 2.3 2.1

2.2 2.4 2.5
= 0
= 1
h
x h
h
h x
x
dx
d
h h
sin sin
lim
) 1 (cos cos
lim cos
0 0

=
( )
cos sin
d
x x
dx
=
2.0 2.3 2.1

2.2 2.4 2.5
2.0 2.3 2.1

2.2 2.4 2.5
example:
( )
sin f x x =
( )
2
4 g x x = Find:
( )
at 2 f g x
'
=
( )
cos f x x
'
= ( )
2 g x x
'
= ( )
2 4 4 0 g = =
( ) ( )
0 2 f g
' '
( ) ( )
cos 0 2 2
1 4 4 =
2.0 2.3 2.1

2.2 2.4 2.5
( ) ( ) ( )
2
sin 4 f g x x =
( )
2
sin 4 y x =
sin y u =
2
4 u x =
cos
dy
u
du
= 2
du
x
dx
=
dy dy du
dx du dx
=
cos 2
dy
u x
dx
=
( )
2
cos 4 2
dy
x x
dx
=
( )
2
cos 2 4 2 2
dy
dx
=
( )
cos 0 4
dy
dx
=
4
dy
dx
=
2.0 2.3 2.1

2.2 2.4 2.5
Here is a faster way to find the derivative:
( )
2
sin 4 y x =
( ) ( )
2 2
cos 4 4
d
y x x
dx
=
( )
2
cos 4 2 y x x =
Differentiate the outside
function...
then the inside function
ANOTHER WAY.using extended power
2.0 2.3 2.1

2.2 2.4 2.5
( )
2
cos 3
d
x
dx
( )
2
cos 3
d
x
dx
(

( ) ( )
2 cos 3 cos 3
d
x x
dx
(

( ) ( ) ( )
2cos 3 sin 3 3
d
x x x
dx

( ) ( )
2cos 3 sin 3 3 x x
( ) ( )
6cos 3 sin 3 x x
The chain rule can be used
more than once.
(Thats what makes the
chain in the chain rule!)
2.0 2.3 2.1

2.2 2.4 2.5
Derivative formulas include the chain rule!
1 n n
d du
u nu
dx dx
= sin cos
d du
u u
dx dx
=
cos sin
d du
u u
dx dx
=
2
tan sec
d du
u u
dx dx
=
etcetera
3.6 Chain Rule
2.0 2.3 2.1

2.2 2.4 2.5
3.6 Chain Rule
Find
) 3 cos(
2
x x y + = ) 1 6 )( 3 sin(
2
+ + = x x x
dx
dy
)) sin(cos(x y =
) 2 4 ( cos
3 3
x x y + =
) sin )( cos(cos x x
dx
dy
=
) 2 12 ))( 2 4 sin( )( 2 4 ( cos 3
2 3 3 2
+ + + = x x x x x
dx
dy
)) 2 4 sin( )( 2 4 ( cos ) 6 36 (
3 3 2 2
x x x x x
dx
dy
+ + + =
dx
dy
2.0 2.3 2.1

2.2 2.4 2.5
The chain rule enables us to find the slope of
parametrically defined curves:
dy dy dx
dt dx dt
=

dy
dy
dt
dx
dx
dt
=
The slope of a parametrized
curve is given by:

dy
dy
dt
dx
dx
dt
=
3.6 Chain Rule
2.0 2.3 2.1

2.2 2.4 2.5
These are the equations for
an ellipse.
Example:
3cos x t = 2sin y t =
3sin
dx
t
dt
= 2cos
dy
t
dt
=
2cos
3sin
dy t
dx t
=
2
cot
3
t =
3.6 Chain Rule
2.0 2.3 2.1

2.2 2.4 2.5
EXERCISE!!!!
44
2.0 2.3 2.1

2.2 2.4 2.5
2 2
1 x y + =
This is not a function,
but it would still be
nice to be able to find
the slope.
2 2
1
d d d
x y
dx dx dx
+ = Do the same thing to both sides.
2 2 0
dy
x y
dx
+ =
Note use of chain rule.
2 2
dy
y x
dx
=
2
2
dy x
dx y
=
dy x
dx y
=
3.7 Implicit Differentiation
2.0 2.3 2.1

2.2 2.4 2.5
2
2 sin y x y = +
2
2 sin
d d d
y x y
dx dx dx
= +
This cant be solved for y.
2 2 cos
dy dy
x y
dx dx
= +
2 cos 2
dy dy
y x
dx dx
=
( )
2 2 cos
dy
x y
dx
=
2
2 cos
dy x
dx y
=
This technique is called

implicit differentiation.
1 Differentiate both sides w.r.t. x.
2 Solve for .
dy
dx
2.0 2.3 2.1

2.2 2.4 2.5
Implicit Differentiation Process

1. Differentiate both sides of the equation with respect to x.
2. Collect the terms with dy/dx on one side of the equation.
3. Factor out dy/dx .
4. Solve for dy/dx .
2.0 2.3 2.1

2.2 2.4 2.5
Find the equations of the lines tangent and normal to the
curve at .
2 2
7 x xy y + =
( 1, 2)
2 2
7 x xy y + =
2 2 0
dy
dy
x y
x y
dx
dx
(
+ =
+
(

Note product rule.
2 2 0
dy dy
x x y y
dx dx
+ =
( )
2 2
dy
y x y x
dx
=
2
2
dy y x
dx y x
( )
( )
2 2 1
2 2 1
m

=

2 2
4 1
+
=
+
4
5
=
2.0 2.3 2.1

2.2 2.4 2.5
Find the equations of the lines tangent and normal to the
curve at .
2 2
7 x xy y + =
( 1, 2)
4
5
m =
tangent:
( )
4
2 1
5
y x = +
4 4
2
5 5
y x = +
4 14
5 5
y x = +
normal:
( )
5
2 1
4
y x = +
5 5
2
4 4
y x =
5 3
4 4
y x = +
2.0 2.3 2.1

2.2 2.4 2.5
2.0 2.3 2.1

2.2 2.4 2.5
Find if .
2
2
d y
dx
3 2
2 3 7 x y =
3 2
2 3 7 x y =
2
6 6 0 x y y
'
=
2
6 6 y y x
'
=
2
6
6
x
y
y
'
=
2
x
y
y
'
=
2
2
2 y x x y
y
y
'

''
=
2
2
2x x
y y
y y
'' '
=
2 2
2
2x x
y
y
x
y y
''
=
4
3
2x x
y
y y
''
=
Substitute
back into the
equation.
y
'
2.0 2.3 2.1

2.2 2.4 2.5
Rational Powers of Differentiable Functions
Power Rule for Rational Powers of x

If n is any rational number, then

1
=
n n
nx x
dx
d
2.0 2.3 2.1

2.2 2.4 2.5
Proof: Let p and q be integers with q > 0.
q
p
x y =
p q
x y =
Raise both sides to the q power
Differentiate with respect to x
1 1
=
p q
px
dx
dy
qy Solve for dy/dx
2.0 2.3 2.1

2.2 2.4 2.5
1
1
=
q
p
qy
px
dx
dy
Substitute for y
1 /
1
) (

=
q q p
p
x q
px
dx
dy
Remove parenthesis
q p p
p
qx
px
dx
dy
/
1
=
Subtract exponents
q
px
dx
dy
q p p p ) / ( 1
=
1 ) / (
=
q p
x
q
p
dx
dy
2.0 2.3 2.1

2.2 2.4 2.5
Because x and y are
reversed to find the
reciprocal function, the
following pattern always
holds:
8 6 4 2 0
8
6
4
2
0
x
y
x
y
2
y x =
y x =
4 m =
( ) 2, 4
( ) 4, 2
1
4
m =
Slopes are
reciprocals.
Derivative Formula for Inverses:
df
dx
df
dx
x f a
x a
=
=
=
1
1
( )
evaluated at ( ) f a
is equal to the reciprocal of
the derivative of ( ) f x
evaluated at .
a
The derivative of
1
( ) f x
3.8 Derivatives of Inverse

Trigonometric Functions
2.0 2.3 2.1

2.2 2.4 2.5
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
-1.5 -1 -0.5 0.5 1 1.5
sin y x =
1
sin y x
=
We can use implicit
differentiation to find:
1
sin
d
x
dx

1
sin y x
=
sin y x =
sin
d d
y x
dx dx
=
cos 1
dy
y
dx
=
1
cos
dy
dx y
=
2.0 2.3 2.1

2.2 2.4 2.5
We can use implicit
differentiation to find:
1
sin
d
x
dx

1
sin y x
=
sin y x =
sin
d d
y x
dx dx
=
cos 1
dy
y
dx
=
1
cos
dy
dx y
=
2 2
sin cos 1 y y + =
2 2
cos 1 sin y y =
2
cos 1 sin y y =
But
2 2
y
t t
< <
so is positive. cos y
2
cos 1 sin y y =
2
1
1 sin
dy
dx
y
=
2
1
1
dy
dx
x
=

2.0 2.3 2.1

2.2 2.4 2.5
2.0 2.3 2.1

2.2 2.4 2.5
1
sin y x
=
1
cos
dy
dx y
=
) cos(sin
1
1
x dx
dy
=
x
1
sin
x
1
2
1 x
2
1
1
x
dx
dy
=
x y = sin
1 cos =
dx
dy
y
2.0 2.3 2.1

2.2 2.4 2.5
) (tan sec
1
1 2
x dx
dy
=
x
1
tan
x
1
2
1 x +
2
1
1
x dx
dy
+
=
x y = tan
1 sec
2
=
dx
dy
y
Find
x
dx
d
1
tan
x y
1
tan
=
y dx
dy
2
sec
1
=
2.0 2.3 2.1

2.2 2.4 2.5
) tan(sec ) sec(sec
1
1 1
x x dx
dy

=
x
1
sec
x
1
1
2
x
1 | |
1
2
=
x x
dx
dy
x y = sec
1 tan sec =
dx
dy
y y
Find
x
dx
d
1
sec
x y
1
sec
=
y y dx
dy
tan sec
1
=
2.0 2.3 2.1

2.2 2.4 2.5
1
2
1
sin
1
d du
u
dx dx
u
1
2
1
tan
1
d du
u
dx u dx
=
+
1
2
1
sec
1
d du
u
dx dx
u u
1
2
1
cos
1
d du
u
dx dx
u
1
2
1
cot
1
d du
u
dx u dx
=
+
1
2
1
csc
1
d du
u
dx dx
u u
1 1
cos sin
2
x x
t

=
1 1
cot tan
2
x x
t

=
1 1
csc sec
2
x x
t

=
2.0 2.3 2.1

2.2 2.4 2.5
Your calculator contains all
six inverse trig functions.
However it is occasionally
still useful to know the
following:
1 1
1
sec cos x
x

| |
=
|
\ .
1 1
cot tan
2
x x
t

=
1 1
1
csc sin x
x

| |
=
|
\ .
2.0 2.3 2.1

2.2 2.4 2.5
Find
) 3 ( cos
2 1
x y

=
4 2 2
9 1
6
) 6 (
) 3 ( 1 (
1
x
x
x
x
dx
dy
=
|
.
|
\
|
=

x
y
1
cot
1
x x y
1
sec
=
1
1 1
1
1
1
2 2
2
+
=
|
.
|
\
|
+
=
x x
x
dx
dy
) 1 )( (sec
1 | |
1
1
2
x
x x
x
dx
dy

+
=
dx
dy
2.0 2.3 2.1

2.2 2.4 2.5
-1
0
1
2
3
-3 -2 -1 1 2 3
x
Look at the graph of
x
y e =
The slope at x = 0 appears to
be 1.
If we assume this to be
true, then:
0 0
0
lim 1
h
h
e e
h
+
=
definition of derivative
3.9 Derivatives of Exponential and
Logarithmic Functions
2.0 2.3 2.1

2.2 2.4 2.5
Now we attempt to find a general formula for the
derivative of using the definition.
x
y e =
( )
0
lim
x h x
x
h
d e e
e
dx h
+
=
0
lim
x h x
h
e e e
h

=
0
1
lim
h
x
h
e
e
h
| |
=
|
\ .
0
1
lim
h
x
h
e
e
h
| |
=
|
\ .
1
x
e =
x
e =
This is the slope at x = 0, which
we have assumed to be 1.
3.9 Derivatives of Exponential
and Logarithmic Functions
2.0 2.3 2.1

2.2 2.4 2.5
( )
x x
d
e e
dx
=
2.0 2.3 2.1

2.2 2.4 2.5
x
e
is its own derivative!
If we incorporate the chain rule: u u
d du
e e
dx dx
=
We can now use this formula to find the derivative of
x
a
2.0 2.3 2.1

2.2 2.4 2.5
( )
x
d
a
dx
( )
ln
x
a
d
e
dx
( )
ln x a
d
e
dx
( )
ln
ln
x a
d
e x a
dx
Incorporating the chain rule:

( )
ln
u u
d du
a a a
dx dx
=
a a a
dx
d
x x
ln =
2.0 2.3 2.1

2.2 2.4 2.5
So far today we have:
u u
d du
e e
dx dx
=
( )
ln
u u
d du
a a a
dx dx
=
Now it is relatively easy to find the derivative of .
ln x
2.0 2.3 2.1

2.2 2.4 2.5
ln y x =
y
e x =
( )
( )
y
d d
e x
dx dx
=
1
y
dy
e
dx
=
1
y
dy
dx e
=
1
ln
d
x
dx x
=
1
ln
d du
u
dx u dx
=
2.0 2.3 2.1

2.2 2.4 2.5
To find the derivative of a common log function, you
could just use the change of base rule for logs:
log
d
x
dx
ln
ln10
d x
dx
=
1
ln
ln10
d
x
dx
=
1 1
ln10 x
=
The formula for the derivative of a log of any base
other than e is:
1
log
ln
a
d du
u
dx u a dx
=
2.0 2.3 2.1

2.2 2.4 2.5
u u
d du
e e
dx dx
=
( )
ln
u u
d du
a a a
dx dx
=
1
log
ln
a
d du
u
dx u a dx
=
1
ln
d du
u
dx u dx
=
2.0 2.3 2.1

2.2 2.4 2.5
x
e y
2
=
2
3
x
y =
3
ln x y =
) ( sin
4 1 x
e y

=
Find y
x
e y
2
2 ' =
) 2 )( 3 ln( 3 '
2
x y
x
=
x
x
x
y
3
) 3 (
1
'
2
3
= =
) 4 )( (
) ( 1
1
'
4
2 4
x
x
e
e
y
=
2.0 2.3 2.1

2.2 2.4 2.5
Logarithmic differentiation
Used when the variable is in the base and the exponent
y =x
x

ln y =ln x
x

ln y = x ln x
x
x
x
dx
dy
y
ln
1 1
+
|
.
|
\
|
=
( ) x y
dx
dy
ln 1+ =
( ) x x
dx
dy
x
ln 1+ =
2.0 2.3 2.1

2.2 2.4 2.5
POP QUIZ
2.0 2.3 2.1

2.2 2.4 2.5
2.0 2.3 2.1

2.2 2.4 2.5
( )
( ) 3 5
2
4
2 3
+
=
x
x x
y
Find the derivative for the function below (10 marks)
( ) ( ) 3 1 2
4
5
+ = x x y
Time duration : 15 minutes
2.0 2.3 2.1

2.2 2.4 2.5
79
2.0 2.3 2.1

2.2 2.4 2.5
Higher Order Derivatives:
dy
y
dx
'
=
is the first derivative of y with respect to x.
2
2
dy d dy d y
y
dx dx dx dx
'
''
= = =
is the second derivative.
(y double prime)
dy
y
dx
''
'''
=
is the third derivative.
( ) 4
d
y y
dx
'''
=
is the fourth derivative.
We will learn
later what these
higher order
derivatives are
used for.
Rules for Differentiation
2.0 2.3 2.1

2.2 2.4 2.5
81

Differentiation is all about measuring change!
Measuring change in a linear function:
y = a + bx
a = intercept
b = constant slope i.e. the impact of a unit
change in x on the level of y

b = =
x
y
A
A
1 2
1 2
x x
y y
2.0 2.3 2.1

2.2 2.4 2.5
82
2.0 2.3 2.1

2.2 2.4 2.5
0
10
20
30
40
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
X
y
=
x
2
x
y
A
A
=
1 2
1 2
x x
y y
gives slope of the line

connecting 2 points (x
1
, y
1
) and (x
2
,y
2
) on a
curve
- (2,4) to (4,16): slope =
(16-4)
/
(4-2)
= 6
- (2,4) to (6,36): slope =
(36-4)
/
(6-2)
= 8
2.0 2.3 2.1

2.2 2.4 2.5
84
The slope of a curve is equal to the slope of the line (or
tangent) that touches the curve at that point
Total Cost Curve
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
X
y
=
x
2
2.0 2.3 2.1

2.2 2.4 2.5
Example:A firms cost function is
Y = X
2

X AX Y AY
0
1
2
3
4

+1
+1
+1
+1
0
1
4
9
16

+1
+3
+5
+7

Y = X
2

Y+AY = (X+AX)
2

Y+AY =X
2
+2X.AX+AX
2

AY = X
2
+2X.AX+AX
2
Y
since Y = X
2
AY = 2X.AX+AX
2
X
Y
A
A
= 2X+AX
The slope depends on X and AX
2.0 2.3 2.1

2.2 2.4 2.5
86
The slope of the graph of a function is
called the derivative of the function
The process of differentiation involves
letting the change in x become arbitrarily
small, i.e. letting A x 0
e.g if = 2X+AX and AX 0
= 2X in the limit as AX 0
x
y
dx
dy
x f
x
A
A
= =
A 0
lim ) ( '
2.0 2.3 2.1

2.2 2.4 2.5
87
the slope of the non-linear function
Y = X
2
is 2X
the slope tells us the change in y that
results from a very small change in X
We see the slope varies with X
e.g. the curve at X = 2 has a slope = 4
and the curve at X = 4 has a slope = 8
In this example, the slope is steeper
at higher values of X

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2.0 2.3 2.

2.0 2.3 2.1

This technique is called

3.8 Derivatives of Inverse

3.8 Derivatives of Inverse

2.0 2.3 2.1

Incorporating the chain rule:

2.0 2.3 2.1

gives slope of the line

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