tingkap keretapi. "Aha," tukang kayu berkata, Semua biribiri di Perak berwarna hitam." "Hmm," guru berkata, Apa yang kamu maksudkan adalah sesetengah biri-biri di Perak berwarna hitam." Tidak" kata ahli sains, Apa yang kita ketahui adalah terdapat sekurang-kurangnya seekor biri-biri di Perak, dan sekurangkurangnya sebelah biri-biri tersebut adalah berwarna hitam. "
Sains bermula dengan penambahan kepada pengalaman biasa dan ia menggunakan pemerhatian dan pengukuran yang terancang untuk penambahan pengetahuan.
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Adler
Yunani: Bumi tidak bergerak. Kalau ia bergerak, kita akan merasa gerakan. Plato (428-347 BC): Bumi pegun dan planet-planet mengelilinginya dengan orbit bulat. Aristotle (384-322 BC). Bumi pegun dan kosmo Geosentrik dengan 55 sfera. Plato
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Aristotle 384-322 BC
Aristotle adalah murid di Akademi Plato. Tutor kepada Alexander the Great Percaya yang bulatan adalah bentuk yang unggul. Seterusnya percaya alam semesta adalah berbentuk sfera (geocentric Universe), dan berpusat pada Bumi. Pergerakan planet dan bintang mesti bulat kerana pergerakan dalam bentuk unggul tidak akan berhenti. Ide-ide Aristotle diterima Gereja dengan sepenuhnya dan ianya tidak diuji untuk seribu tahun berikutnya sehingga eksperimen Galileo membuktikan kesilapannya.
Aristotle
Alam Semesta adalah sfera (Kosmo Gosentrik), dan berpusat pada Bumi.
3 prinsip Aristotle
Setiap sfera dibuat dengan bahan unggul dengan sifat-sifat yang tidak boleh berubah (cth: keterangan).
Size Bumi Eratosthenes (276-195 B.C.) mengira jejari Bumi iaitu 6800 kilometer. Jejari sebenar Bumi ialah 6356 (pada kutub) dan 6378 (khatulistiwa) kilometer. Perbezaannya cuma 8%. His method entailed measuring the shadow length of a stick set vertically in the ground in the town of Alexandria on the summer solstice at noon, converting the shadow length to an angle of solar light incidence, and using the distance to Syene, a town where no shadow is cast at noon on the summer solstice
Figure 1.1
Ptolemy
Alam Semesta mengikut Ptolemy (150 A.D.): planetplanet bergerak dalam orbit bulat & epicycles dalam bukunya Almagest.
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Copernicus16
Earth at center
Sun at center
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Tycho Brahe
(1546-1601 Denmark)
Did not agree with heliocentric model. Focus on geocentric model based on observational evidence that the earth did not move. Hired Kepler in 1600 to mathematically analyze his data with the aim of proving his model correct.
Johannes Kepler (1571-1630), a German who was Brahe's assistant, observed that the orbits of the planets were not circles but ellipses and developed three laws.
Johannes Kepler
A __________ German mathematician who confirmed that the _______ was at the Sun center of the universe. He added that orbits of the planets around the sun were not circular, but instead ____________, or elliptical egg-shaped, with the sun toward the end of ellipse.
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focus
Keplers First Law: The orbits of the planets are ellipses, with the Sun at one focus of the ellipse.
Keplers Second Law: The line joining the planet to the Sun sweeps out equal areas in equal times as the planet travels around the ellipse
T r
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Keplers Third Law: The ratio of the squares of the revolutionary periods for two planets is equal to the ratio of the cubes of their semi major axes, r
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Galileo Galilei
(1564-1642 * Italy)
First to use telescope to study the heavens Mountains and craters on the moon Rotation of the sun on its axis Phases of Venus Moons of Jupiter Stars in the Milky Way
Sunspots Galileo observed sunspots that moved, indicating that the Sun was rotating on an axis and that it was not made from a perfect, unchanging substance. He observed four points of light that changed their positions around the planet Jupiter and concluded that they were moons circling the planet as it moved around its orbit.
Galileo used his telescope to show that Venus went through a complete set of phases, just like the Moon circling around the Sun. This observation confirmed the Copernican system and proved that the Ptolemaic system (Earth the center) was incorrect.
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Galileo Galilei
An Italian ___________ astronomer & ______________, mathematician Galileo was the first to observe the heavens using a telescope ___________. Galileo discovered: The mountians __________ & craters of the moon. Jupiter Four large moons orbiting __________. rings of Saturn. The ________ __________ sunspots on the Sun. Galileos book, The Starry Messenger, supported heliocentric view of the universe. This the ____________ contradicted the Churchs view and led to Galileo heresy being charged with __________. 30
Galileo's challenge of the Church's view on the Universe got him into deep trouble with Rome.
Acceleration of falling objects on Earth = 9.8 m/s2. Measured by Galileo, who died the year Newton was born.
PRINCIPIA
Isaac Newton
English ___________ mathematician & ___________ physicist whose major work, the Principia, defined three laws of ________ motion that govern planetary bodies, as well as objects on Earth. Newtons universal law of ____________, gravitation explained why planetary bodies do not go off in straight lines, but instead continue in elliptical ___________ orbits around the sun. Newtons theory of gravity stated that every attracted object in the universe is ___________ to every other objects by a force called gravity.
Newtons ideas
Idea 1 The force used to keep an object rotating in a circle depends on the objects speed and the circles radius in this way:F = m v2 / r Where F = centripetal force
Idea 2 The Moon is in orbit around the Earth because gravity supplies this centripetal force.
Cosmology
The Study of the Universe: its structure, origin, evolution, and destiny
Mayan temple aligned with Sun Starry cosmos with Earth at the center painted by a 11th Century nun
tronomy has seen 3 scientific revolutions in cosmolog 2nd Century: Claudius Ptolemy (Physics of Aristotle) Model: Earth-centered Cosmology Big Idea: Different laws for Earth and the cosmos 16th Century: Nicolaus Copernicus (Physics of Newton) Model: Sun-centered Cosmology Big Idea: Universal physics; same laws everywhere 20th Century: Edwin Hubble (Physics of Einstein) Model: Big Bang Cosmology Big Idea: Universe is changing, evolving
Tutorial 9
Discuss and write a summary on how Eratosthenes calculate the radius of the Earth. the Copernican explanation of retrograde motion. how Galileo showed that the earth orbits the sun. Activity 1.1 Finding North Activity 1.2 Locating And Recording The Position Of Objects
Geocentric Model
Heliocentric Model
Planets usually move west to east relative to stars; during retrograde motion, they move east to west.
In the heliocentric model of Copernicus, retrograde motion of planets is naturally explained. Retrograde motions occur naturally if planets further from the Sun move more slowly. Example: Earth and Mars Earth is nearer the Sun, its orbital speed = 30 km/sec Mars is further away from the Sun, its orbital speed = 24 km/sec
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2 5 8
Retrograde Motion
The apparent temporary backward motion of a planet. This is caused when a faster moving inner planet, say the Earth, bypasses a slower moving out planet, say Mars.