TUTORIAL QUESTION: Explain different techniques and strategies in exploring: -Intellectual development (Piaget) -Moral/Personality development (Kohlberg)

Moral/Personality development (Kohlberg)

Level 1. Preconventional Morality

Stage 1 - Obedience and Punishment At this stage, children see rules as fixed and absolute. Obeying the rules is important because it is a means to avoid punishment. Technique : Story telling. The teacher tells a story to the students and elicits their responses based on the story. Teacher can ask question that concern with the cause and effects. Stage 2 - Individualism and Exchange At this stage of moral development, children account for individual points of view and judge actions based on how they serve individual needs. Technique: Using projects where students must use skills of application and evaluation.

Level 2. Conventional Morality

Stage 3 - Interpersonal Relationships This stage of moral development is focused on living up to social expectations and roles. Technique: Teacher can use the story of Mulan. Teacher can explore the role of women in a society and the expectation that they had. Through the story, children can learn that they can do many things and not restricts themselves to what the society thinks. Stage 4 - Maintaining Social Order At this stage of moral development, people begin to consider society as a whole when making judgments. The focus is on maintaining law and order by following the rules, doing ones duty and respecting authority. Technique: Role play. A teacher can do a role play about A day as a Policeman. Through the role play, they can learn law and order in the society and what is the cause and effects of doing such action.

Level 3. Postconventional Morality

Stage 5 - Social Contract and Individual Rights At this stage, people begin to account for the differing values, opinions and beliefs of other people. Rules of law are important for maintaining a society, but members of the society should agree upon these standards. Technique: Group Discussion. Teacher can use story to introduce some problems in which the students need to come up with their own solution to the problem.

Stage 6 - Universal Principles Kolhbergs final level of moral reasoning is based upon universal ethical principles and abstract reasoning. At this stage, people follow these internalized principles of justice, even if they conflict with laws and rules. Technique: Debate. Teacher can give a topic for the debate. The students can choose either to agree or disagree on the topic given.

Intellectual development (Piaget)

Pre-operational stage (2-7 years old)

Children are usually 'ego centric', meaning that they are only able to consider things from their own point of view, and imagine that everyone shares this view, because it is the only one possible. The children may have the animism belief. This is when a person has the belief that everything that exists has some kind of consciousness. For example, child often assumes that everyone and everything is like them. Technique: Since the child can feel pain, and has emotions, they assume everything else must have feel the same thing. A teacher can explore this stage by allowing them to empathize the characters or in other words, put themselves in the characters shoe.

Concrete Operational stage (7-11 years old)

During this stage, the thought process becomes more rational, mature and 'adult like', or more 'operational. The child has the ability to develop logical thought about an object. Children are able to begin to imagine different scenarios, or 'what if' something were to happen. Technique : The students can create their own ending to the story learnt in the class since they have logical thought about the story. Their own version can be presented in class .

Formal Operational (11-16 years old)

This stage permits adolescents to reason beyond a world of concrete reality to a world of possibilities and to operate logically on symbols and information that do not necessarily refer to objects and events in the real world. Technique : Comprehension question. Teacher can use worksheet to ask the comprehension question since they have learn the story. They can come up with a general theory of all possible factors that might affect the outcome.