Binary additon & subtraction

9/15/09 - L15 Decoders, Multiplexers

Copyright 2009 - Joanne DeGroat, ECE, OSU

Class 18 Subtraction

Binary Addition and Subtraction Subtraction circuits Incrementer, Decrementer

Material from section 4-3 and 4-4 of text

9/15/09 - L15 Decoders, Multiplexers

Copyright 2009 - Joanne DeGroat, ECE, OSU

Binary Subtraction

Have previously looked at the subtraction operation. A quick review. Just like subtraction in any other base

Minuend Subtrahand Difference

10110 - 10010 00100

And when a borrow is needed. Note that the borrow gives us 2 in the current bit position.

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Copyright 2009 - Joanne DeGroat, ECE, OSU 3

9/15/09 - L15 Decoders, Multiplexers

And a full example

And more ripple -

9/15/09 - L15 Decoders, Multiplexers

Copyright 2009 - Joanne DeGroat, ECE, OSU

In General

When there is no borrow into the msb position, then the subtrahend in not larger than the minuend and the result is positive and correct.

If a borrow into the msb does occur, then the subtrahend is larger than the minuend. This was seen back in lecture 2.
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9/15/09 - L15 Decoders, Multiplexers

Consider

Now do the operation 4 6

Correct difference is -2 or -0010 Different because 2n was brought in and made the operation M-N+2n
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9/15/09 - L15 Decoders, Multiplexers

Desired

Actual desired magnitude is N-M To get this need to do 2n (M-N+2)= N-M

Doing the subtraction from 2n gives the correct result.

Copyright 2009 - Joanne DeGroat, ECE, OSU 7

9/15/09 - L15 Decoders, Multiplexers

Twos compliment

But how do you represent a minus sign electronically in a computer? How can you represent it such that arithmetic operations are manageable? There are two types of compliments for each number base system.

Have the rs complement Have the (r-1)s complement

For base 2 have 2s complement 1s complement

Copyright 2009 - Joanne DeGroat, ECE, OSU

and
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9/15/09 - L15 Decoders, Multiplexers

1s Complement

1s complement of N is defined as (2n -1)-N.

If n=4 have (2n -1) being 1 0000 - 1 = 1111

So for n=4 would subtract any 4-bit binary number from 1111. This is just inverting each bit. Example: 1s compliment of 1011001 is 0100110
Copyright 2009 - Joanne DeGroat, ECE, OSU 9

9/15/09 - L15 Decoders, Multiplexers

2s complement

The 2s complement is defined as 2n-N Can be done by subtraction of N from 2n or adding 1 to the 1s complement of a number. For 6 = 0110

The 1s complement is 1001 The 2s complement is 1010

9/15/09 - L15 Decoders, Multiplexers

Copyright 2009 - Joanne DeGroat, ECE, OSU

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Operation with 2s complement

Add 4 and -6 Will use the 2s complement of -6 or 1010

4 -6

0100 1010 1110

And taking the 2s complement of 1110 get 0001 + 1 = 0010

Copyright 2009 - Joanne DeGroat, ECE, OSU 11

9/15/09 - L15 Decoders, Multiplexers

A 2s complement table for 4 bits

Listing the values represented.

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Copyright 2009 - Joanne DeGroat, ECE, OSU

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A circuit that does +/

A general adder subtractor OP=0 for addition/ =1 for subtraction

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Copyright 2009 - Joanne DeGroat, ECE, OSU

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Another number format

Signed magnitude use the MSB to indicate the sign. The remaining bits indicate the magnitude.

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Overflow

When adding 2 n-bit numbers it is possilbe to get a n+1 bit result if there is a carry out. On paper it is easy just add another bit. In 2s complement add a msb 0 for a positive or a msb 1 for a negative. In a computer the number of bits that can be used is fixed.
Copyright 2009 - Joanne DeGroat, ECE, OSU 15

9/15/09 - L15 Decoders, Multiplexers

Overflow indication.

In 8-bit 2s complement notation the range that can be represented is -127 to +127. Then the operation to add +70 to +80 is

Carries +70 +80 +150

0 1 0 100 0110 0 101 0000 1 001 0110

Also look at the addition of -70 and -80

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9/15/09 - L15 Decoders, Multiplexers

The other addition

The addition of -70 and -80

Carries -70 -80 -150

1 0 1 011 1010 1 011 0000 0 110 1010

The rule if the carry into the msb position differs from the carry out from the msb position then an overflow has occurred. The circuit

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Copyright 2009 - Joanne DeGroat, ECE, OSU 17

9/15/09 - L15 Decoders, Multiplexers

Class 18 assignment

Covered sections 4-3 through 4-4 Problems for hand in

none 4-3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8,16

Problems for practice

Reading for next class: sections 5-1, 5-2

Copyright 2009 - Joanne DeGroat, ECE, OSU 18

9/15/09 - L15 Decoders, Multiplexers