L05 IdeologicalFoundations

Ideological Foundations
Dr. Justice Javed Iqbal
IDEOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS
Ideology:
A set of ideas or beliefs that form the basis of an economic or political theory or that are held by a particular group or person Quran & Sunnah main sources
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Concepts of Nationality & State

Islamic Republic Nation-State Quest for identity due to difference between ideology & reality
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Islamic Constitutional Theory

PROPHETIC MODEL REPUBLICAN CALIPHATE SUBVERSION OF POLITICAL MESSAGE
JURISTS, MORALISTS & PHILOSOPHERS

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Prophetic Model
In the person of Holy Prophet:
Imam of new State at Medina Legislator (Mujtahid) Statesman Administrator Judge Military Commander
sovereignty & shura

Muslims must render obedience to God and Holy Prophet, and to those among them who exercise authority (S4,V59)
Quran guided him to consult (shura) his companions (except revelation) in all affairs, but, that once he had taken a decision, he should put his trust in God (S3,V159).
shura
Muslims should conduct their affairs by mutual consultation (S42,V38). Consultation (shura) as an advisory body only.
There is no compelling in the matter of religion (S2,V256).

Covenant / Mesaq Medina

Covenant / Mesaq Medina included besides Muslims, Jews, Christians & Pagans. Unity with non-Muslim populations on basis of patriotism, human considerations, defense of common territory.
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head of state
Federal State was founded by the Prophet as non-Muslim tribes governed themselves in accordance with own laws just as Muslims under Shariah, and they were politically & religiously fully autonomous in their own regions. Formation & maintenance of unity by the Muslim Head of State as Mujtahid and not Muqalid as per Quran: to those who exert, to them God shows his path (S29,V69)
ijthad
Tradition of Prophet:
Appointment of Muaz ibn Jabal as Governor of Yemen
Book of God Precedent of Prophet Exert own opinion
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judiciary
Judiciary separate from executive: if a dispute arises between citizens and state, the matter is to be referred to the judiciary for adjudication in accordance with the Quran and the precedents of holy Prophet which is binding for both (S4, V59).
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imam as sovereign
Al-Hudaibia Treaty: between Prophet as Head of State & Sohail bin Amr
In thy name, O Lord. Instead of In the name of Allah, the Beneficent, the Merciful Muhmmad son of Abdulla instead Messenger of God
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Khutbat ul Wida
Human rights:
Life & property inviolable Riba (usury) prohibited Vendetta discarded No superiority of an Arab over non-Arab (except piety) Muslims as brethren Willful takings from brothers Spouses rights protected.
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secretariat of imam
Scribes appointed Seals for official documents
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constitutional principles from sunnah

Ultimate sovereignty in God Nationality of Muslims thru common spiritual aspirations Muslims to be governed under Shariah must have state for such practice Free non-Muslim society in unity with Islamic State

Muslims and non-Muslims to collectively defend state bearing expenses To frame & apply written constitution Constitution a social contract by representative of federating units Peaceful co-existence of different races, religions & communities thru ideal of human unity

Shura in conducting worldly affairs Ijtihad an unending process Political sagacity & far-sightedness required to protect state & citizens
Human rights to be guaranteed & enforced

Taxes be meticulously collected
Judiciary be separated from executive

Muslims to obey God, Prophet, those who command authority for order in state.
Republican Caliphate
God appointed David as a khalifa in his land (S38,V27) Prophet always appointed deputy (khalifa) in his absence from Medina Quran and Prophetic act silent on appointing successor Only competent person be appointed
appointment of Abu Bakr

Sunni scholar Jalaludin Suyuti stated on the authority of imam Bhukhari, Muslim, Behaqi & Ahmad that Caliphs Umar & Ali had confirmed before their deaths that Prophet had not appointed any successor
Ibn Ishaq states that 3 groups emerged after Prophets death: Muhajrin (Hazrat Abu Bakr & Hazrat Umar), Ansar (Hazrat Saad bin Ubaida) & Banu Hashim (Alis supporters). Hazrat Umar recommended Hazrat Abu Bakr, Ansar & Muhajrin followed. Hazrat Ali and his followers later took bait after the public bait.
caliphs appointments
Hazrat Umar was appointed by Hazrat Abu Bakr. Hazrat Umar was assassinated who before death constituted electoral college (Ali, Uthman, Abdur Rahman, Saad, Zubair & Talha) to choose among themselves, Abdur Rahman was deputed by the council to recommend out of Ali & Usman. After consultations Usman was made Khalifa. He was murdered later.
caliphs appointments
Scholar Suleman Mansurpuri stated that sister of Prophets father, Umm Hakim Baida was among the college.
Ali was asked by community to become caliph who demanded allegiance in Prophets mosque which was complied thus he became Caliph who was also assassinated.
Khwarji
Pagan practice of hereditary was excluded & democratic means were adopted for leader selection Khwarji (social democrats) believed that khilafat required only moral qualification instead of Alis house or Quresh. They insisted on free elections, even a non-Arab or a slave or even a woman could become caliph.
basic human rights

Equality of all citizens Freedom of religion
Right to life
Right to property No one to suffer from wrongs of others Freedom of speech Freedom of opinion Freedom of movement Freedom of association
basic human rights

Right of privacy Right to secure basic necessities of life
Right to reputation
Right to hearing Right to decision making
Subversion of Political Message

Yazid appointed by Muawiyah following Abu Bakr despite protests from jurists that it was illegal to swear allegiance to 2 persons at one place at same time Muawiya took pretext of competence and avoidance of civil war Quran said to have mentioned earlier prophets as kings
Citizens converted to subjects & monarchy replaced by autocracy & rule from Damscus instead of Medina
previliges by Muawiya
Throne used Protected enclosure (masqura) used in mosque for security Caliphs name on coinage Arabic as court language After Karbala tragedy, best Islamic minds turned to mysticism Whatever happened in the world is willed by God
ummah divided
Abbasi first Khalifa Abu Abbas Al Saffah (749 AD) moved caliphate from Dmascus to Baghdad and ummah divided when Ummayad Amir Abdur Rehman started ruling Spain independently 3 caliphates: Cordova (1610 AD), Cairo (1171 AD Saladin for Abbasid from Fatimid), Baghdad (1258 AD)
caliph vs amir to sultan

Sultan: means authority, spiritual or magical power Secular ruler compared to Caliph Conflict of caliph & sultan was also of Shia & Sunni contributed to the collective Muslim ruination Mongols, took over from Abbsids, assassinated Mustasim Billa (1258 AD) defeated Shia Khwarzam Shah & sacked Baghdad, assumed Sultanate after embracing Islam.
Ottomans
Ottomans, Turks, were sultans assuming caliphate, were not acknowledged by Shia Iran & Mughal India Suffered autocracy, ruling elite above the law, Sharia enforced upon poor masses, citizens converted to subjects Arabs converted to strict Wahabism in response
secular Turkey
1924 AD, Ottoman Caliphate-Sultanate dissolved and converted to secular Turkey
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Jurists, Moralists & Philosophers

Jurists:
Al-Mawardi (991-1031)
Abbasid era caliphate establishment is religious obligation secular state on human reasoning vs caliphate revealed law Community in 3 groups: Candidates for caliphate Eminent members Masses
on
Quresh, mujtahid, able having right to choose caliph allegiance to caliph

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duties of caliph
Election of caliph by the members or Nomination by the previous caliph
Justified successive designations (Haroon Rashid)

Duties of caliph: guard religion of Islam Interpret Islamic law armies on frontiers expand Islam execute and preserve justice sound financial system appoint competent ministers, governors, tax-collectors, etc. supervise all state departments
model of state
Model of state:
amalgamation of secular & religious aspects of the Muslim communitys life

unitary form of government, highly centralized, under single supreme head, who was the chief executive monarchy reserved for Abbasi Quresh wazir (wazr = load) Moses consulted Aaron, prophet consulted companions
governors
Governors:
General powers Specific powers
Usurpation
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judiciary
Judiciary
Court of reviewer of wrongs Court of the qazi civil/criminal

Court of moral censor Court of police magistrate
Al-Ghazali (1058-1111)
Seljuk Sultans era
Caliph (Baghdad) could be a muqallid
Could rely on ulema

State admn. could be delegated to Sultan
Followed batinya sect vs Fatimid at Cairo

Abbasi caliphate became so impotent that sultan appointed the caliphs Ghazali approved it on the principle that tyranny of a cruel caliph be accepted than chaos
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Ibn-e-Jamaa (1241-1333)
Tyranny is preferable to lawlessness
Legitimized self appointed imam who could have seized power by force Contrary to Republican Caliphates interpretation of sura 4, verse 59: obedience to the caliph was qualified and depended on his following Quran & Sunnah and if his actions were in conflict with Shariah, he was to be deposed
Mawardi, Ghazali, Jamaa were Shafii
Ibn-e-Taymiya (1263-1328)
Hambli jurist
Back to Quran & Sunnah supremacy Freedom of ijtihad Supremacy of Shariah preferred over caliphate Emphasized connection between imam & ummah (S4, V59) absolved ummah from obeying orders contrary to Quran & Sunnah but refrained from preaching rebellion to avoid chaos Not essential to be a mujtahid but should be a muqallid Taymiya stood for puritan & idealist Shariah govt. was ignored in his life-time
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Moralists: group of writers neither concerned with the jurists (constitutional theory) nor philosophers (political thought) wanted caliph to dissociate from state affairs and concentrate on faith and practice of Shariah preferred Sultan to practice state affairs
imitated the style of Persian writers

era when caliphate given way to sultanate

projected universal concepts of ethics freely used examples of pre-Islamic kings sultan is shadow of God on earth kings are appointed by God like He sent prophets to guide men abject obedience to the ruler as a form of worship to God political expediency (anti-principle) was basis thoughts of above
famous authors: Muqaffa (Kitb Adab al-Saghir), Jahiz (Kitb alTaj & Kitab Istihqaq al-Imama), Kai Kaus (Qabus Nama), NizamulMulk (Siyasat Nama), al-Ghazali (Nasihat al Mulk)

Philosophers: Greek philosophy Followers of Plato & Aristotle
Plato: Law, the real foundation of state

Shariah based state is Islamic Shariah could be understood thru philosophy
Al-Farabi (868-950)
Influenced by Plato, Aristotle Aim of man To achieve happiness thru shariah Importance of association and repelled isolation
Ideal state is real if governed by Prophet-Lawgiver-PhilosopherImam

States:
Devoted to provide basic life necessities Despicable Tyrannical Democratic Rogue/hypocritical Failed Erroneous
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Ibn-e-Sina (980-1037)
3 elements: Greek ideas, Farabi, orthodox theories of the caliphate by the jurists
Ultimate object of man is to realize happiness Caliph adept in shariah be obeyed being successor of Prophet Duties of caliph as mentioned by jurists If the electors made a wrong choice, they would cease to be Muslims and become kafirs Usurper must be fought and if possible put to death A powerful and intelligent but less virtuous usurper be preferred to a weak and incompetent but pious caliph Necessary to perform religious obligations than worldly affairs Imam must be concerned with the worldly affairs of the citizens
Ibn-e Rushd (1126-1198)

Maliki, and Qazi of Cordova Happiness in association and state is must Ideal state based on divinely revealed law Considered philosophers more competent than jurists & theologians to understand & interpret shariah Shariah is capable to establish ideal state but human character is the only weakness Caliph as Platos philosopher-king Argued that state of Prophets time could not be recreated but close to it
Ibn Khaldun (1332-1406)

Line between state one based on shariah and other on rational laws
Groups (dynasty) claim to rule on basis of collective achievement & capability

If one fails other takes-over
Caliphate as religio-political institution

Caliph to protect religion of Islam & run state
Mixed state partly shariah& partly human-made

Muslim state is not the form of the govt. or the political system it adopts, but the implementation of those laws which are exclusively derived from shariah and no other source
Shah Wali Ullah (1703-1762)
Imam ul Hind
Political system an integral part of shariah

Modes of establishing head of state:
election nomination usurpation (conditional to enforce shariah)
Sir Syed Ahmad Khan (1817-1898)

Reconciliation between British and post mutiny Islam in India to save it from complete destruction Belonged to old family connected to Mughal court had incomplete muslim education & joined British service Called for constructive engagement with the West Christians as Nasara (not Nazareth) but helpers of God

Focused on similarities between Christian & Islamic teachings Defended followers of Syed Ahmad Brielly (Wahabis) that jihad was against Sikhs & not British Causes of mutiny:
Misunderstanding of the people regarding intentions of the government Enacting of laws contrary to Indian customs Ignorance of govt. about conditions of life, modes of thought, grievances, negligence by British officers, bad management of the army

Refuted William Muirs allegations on Prophet & said his advent had been foretold in Jewish & Christian scriptures Expressed jihad apologetically Conversion not at the point of sword but thru peaceful persuasion & tolerance Prophet advised to seek refuge in Christian kingdom of Abyssinia Adopted Turkish dress and mixed with British To end of his life was disappointed by the attitude of the conquerors with the conquered

Visited England in 1869 and was greatly impressed by their cultural advancement Persuaded not only to accept British rule but acquire culture also Interpretations of Islam were rational and maintained impartial investigation (demythologize Islam)
Criterion of tehqiq was on reason in harmony with nature

Islam (Quran) the word of God, and nature the act of God
Prophet hood was innate quality and which grew as Prophet matured in age & experience
SSs social & moral reforms, like his religious ideas, were the outcome of political conditions

Subjugation of Muslims lay in their ignorance, selfishness, false pride, fanaticism, lack of tolerance, and absence of social solidarity Tahzib ul Akhlaq insisted on acquiring all that was good and commendable, in the Western culture Established muslim press in 1863 whichproved ceaseless activity From 1858 when universities of Calcutta, Madras,& Bombay had started, to 1875 there were 20 Muslim & 846 Hindu graduates in India

Founded Scientific Society at Ghazipur in 1863 In 1864 shifted from Ghazipur toAligarh, and, started publishing weekly, Aligarh Institute Gazette for moral & social advancement In 1877, Lord Lytton, the then Viceroy of India, was invited to lay the foundation stone of MAO College to reconcile the oriental studies with the western literature & sciences In 1866, short-lived British India Association was formed to acquaint the British Parliament with the Indian political thought
SS declared himself be a radical liberal

SS thought elections in India not in favor of the backward Muslims

Internal trade in the hands of Hindus & external with the British SS abhored agitational opposition Mahadeva Desai said that SS was a tool in hands of British & he fostered slavish mentality in Muslim minds instead of self respect In 1885, INC was organized at Bombay by Mr. Hume In 1886, SS founded Muhammadan Educational Congress B G Tilak of Congress revived Marathas anti-Muslim cult which resulted in riots of 1893

Bipin Chandra Pal denounced it & called ambition it foolish & suicidal Tufail Ahmd Manglorisaid, SS was liberal till 1884, when he came under influence of Beck, principal of MAAO College, and became reactionary conservative In1887, in his Lukhnow speech, SS denounced Congress and said India continued numerous nationalities Thus Beck succeeded and SS speech was knighted shortly after this
In 1892, SS founded MAO Defence Association of Upper India, this broke Muslims further away from rest of India
Abdul Hamid remarked he had inconsistencies, neither democrat or nationalist

In 1867, Urdue-Hindi controvery disappointed SS, and, he felt Indian unity was lost In 1867, Hindus of Benaras demanded replacement of Urdue In 1900, Governor UP, Sir Anthony Macdonnel issued orders to replace Urdue by Hindi Urdue Defence Association was organized by Nawab Lutf Ali Khan who had to resign due to Mac Mohsin ul Mulk had also to resign
In 1901 at Lukhnow Mohsin ul Mulk organized Muhammadan Political Organization

In 1905, Lord Curzon, divided Bengal which gave Muslims a great opportunity to establish, the Muslim peasants of E Bengal

On October 01, 1906 under Aga Khan, the Muslim deputation met Viceroy and demanded separate electorate including other demands In Dec 1906, at Dacca, under Aga Khan, ML was organized Now Bharat Maha Mandal (formed in 1900) was revived by Hindus of Lahore under the name Hindu Maha Sabha SS was influenced by Shah Wali Ullah

In 1923, Maulana Mohammad Ali, an opponent of SS, said, reviewing the actions of a bygone generation today, when it is easier to be wise after the event, I must confess I still think attitude of SS was eminently wise, and much as I wish that some things which he had said should have been left unsaid, I am constrained to admit that no well-wisher of Musalmans, nor of India as a whole, could have followed a very different course in leading the Musalmans
New Social & Political Horizons

Nationalism
Western: motive force of national solidarity based on common race, culture, language, & territory
Muslim: political emancipation of numerous races, speaking different languages, but professing Islam, and living in those territories which comprised the world of Islam.

Islam as an ethico-political pattern for humanity & itself a state engendering asocial mechanism that assimilates racial, linguistic and territorial diversity 1914-18 Allied divided spoils of First World War, Turks abolished caliphate. Territorial nationalism triumphed in Iran, Egypt, Syria, Mesopotamia, Palestine, Tripoli, Morocco In British India, Muslims, became conscious of being large minority in hostile environment

Syed Ahmads puritanical & militant movement encouraged communal tendencies, SSs liberal religious & conservative political movement sowed seeds of Muslim Nationalism, Jamal ud Din Afghanis Pan-Islamism & prominence of Hindu Maha Saba led Indian Muslims to the separatist policy, revival of ML with 3 major demands:
Enable Muslim majorities to exercise power in Punjab & Bengal
To extend Balochistan
constitutional
reforms
in
NWFP
&
Separation of Sindh from Bombay

Hinduism
Hinduism: multiplicity of isolated creeds, devoid of an underlying principle of unity H(indu): applied to inhabitants of Hind (black) Dharma: is determined not by god or book but, by caste, way of life, conductor behavior Hindus were divided in several states when invaded by Muslims Maratha attempt to unify India failed after the fall of Mughals
Pan-Hinduism
Modernized Hindus adopted Pan-Hindu nationalism which was opposed to Islam &British Pan-Hinduism: Religious reform societies Glorification of Hindu golden age Promotion of Shiva cult Provocative speeches of Tilak Demanding elimination of aliens (British & Muslims) Propaganda of Hindi Swadeshi movement Sanghatan & Suddhi
Depressed Class of Hindus

By 1930 Depressed Class demanded separate electorate, Dr. Ambedkars demand was accepted in 1932 Communal Award Gandhi attempted to restrict without success thru hunger strike till death
The anti-untouchability Bills were, according to Maha Saba Hindus, a breach of Queen Victorias Proclamation of 1858 (religious non-interference) Under Hindu leaders pressure Depressed Classes were persuaded to abandon separate electorate, which spirit was not reflected for Muslims aas Mr. Jinnah pointed out
Dr. Muhammad Iqbal (1877-1938)

Muslim Nationalism
Amalgamation of ideas of Shah Waliullah, SS, Jamalud Din Afghani, & Shibli DMI started as pantheist, Indian nationalist, territorial nationalist (Hindustan hamara)
Studied in Europe (1905-8) philosophy & law Europe under influence of Hegel: rationalism & material progress (Iqbal discarded)

Iqbal believed: ideal of human unity based on race, language, territory, devotion to dying for it, was not only inhuman but contrary to equality & brotherhood of man Imperialistic policies broke up Islam Ummah Adopted Afghanis Islamic solidarity Presented his views thru AsrareKhudi (secrets of the self) & RamuzeBekhudi (mysteries of selflessness)

Islamic nationality on abstract idea, a common spiritual aspiration
Denounced Lacknow Pact because it relied on Indian Nationalism

Opposed Khilafatists because caliphate under British would be of no benefit to Muslims when organized under Gandhi Turks abolished caliphate was approved welcomed spread of Muslim nationalism by Iqbal, he
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Muslim reformers believed forces of disintegration of Islam: Mullaism Sufiism sultanate

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Nationalism
Nationalism as understood in West: atheistic materialism being dander to humanity Religion: Regional (Egyptians, Greeks, Indians) Ethnic (Jews) Personal or Private (Christian) Human (Islam) Nationality of Islam by common faith (Medina) In Quran, community (Millt, Ummah) is used instead of nation (qaum)
Nationalism
Acceptance of territorial nationalism within faith is justified Adoption of different dress is not renunciation of Islam
Reconstruction of religious thought in Islam: (q)

Review of Shariah Establishment of Islamic university Ijtehad
Iqbals Vision of modern Islam

An attitude: freedom, even defiance of universe
Discovery of man
Humanistic (product of Islamic culture & gift to West) & egalitarian Flexible & progressive interpretation of Quranic Laws for worldly affairs Rejected dynastic caliphate, sultanate as obsolete
imamate
or
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Iqbals Vision of modern Islam

Modern state to base on shariah: (religious & worldly affairs) Worldly affairs under political order with consultation, one of the current forms of democracy Powers of caliphate could be vested in a body of elected persons or an assembly Islamic laws can not be imposed on non-Muslim minorities (q)
View of Secularism
State neutral in matters of religion (capitalism) State without religion (socialism) Ultimate reality is spiritual & its life in its temporal (not spiritual) activities Secularism is not anti-God Ijtehad be adopted as legislative power
Muslim liberals to re-interpret shariah

Imam Abu Ishaq Shatibi accepts possibility of Ijtehad in Ijma by a nonbeliever, Iqbal does not touch it
In British India, non-Muslim judge decided matters involving Muslim Personal Law without any objection by ulema
Iqbal does not agree Mutazilla & Hanafi jurist Musa ibn Abban to the effect that ijma can abrogate any specific Quranic rule of law, however, admitting that ijma can limit, extend or hold in abeyance the application of Quranic injunction
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Qualification of a Legislator
Lawyer who studied Islamic fiqh in light of modern jurisprudence Board of Ulema to support legislator without any right to vote Appreciates non-ulema specialists in specific fields Legislation into family planning
Criminal Law & Penalties

The prophetic method of teaching, according to Shah Wali Ullah, is that, generally speaking, the law revealed by a prophet takes special notice of the habits, ways and peculiarities of the people to whom he is specially sent . His message is to train one particular people, and to use them as a nucleus for building up of a universal shariah Egalitarian principles of socialism Objective of shariah is to stop one group from exploiting the other thru power of capital
Social Democracy
For Islam the acceptance of the social democracy in some suitable form and consistent with the legal principles of Islam is not a revolution but a return to the original purity of Islam For strict enforcement of Islamic laws of inheritance, zakat & ushr Surplus wealth be given away (S2, V219)
Social Democracy
God as the real owner of land, and man as trustee or lessee State could not own land Welfare state of the middle class Ibadat (religious obligations) as part of shariah State in Islam a spiritual democracy Early Muslims emerging out of the spiritual slavery of the pre-Islamic era could not realize basic idea of spiritual democracy Iqbal may have picked this idea from Mesaq e Medina (S5, V58)
Mesaq e Medina (S5, V58)

For each of you we have given a law and a way (of life) and if Allah hath willed He would have made you one religious community. But (He had willed it otherwise) so that He may put you to the test in what he had given you. Therefore compete with one another in good works. To Allah will you be brought back. And He will inform you about that where you differed.
Spiritual Democracy
Spiritual democracy as a state in which all religions are equally free, authentically tolerated, respected and accepted The state stands for religious and cultural pluralism and peaceful co-existence Caliphate could be exercised by an elected legislator Fusion of some new ideas with Islam Spirit of Islam is inclusive & limitless
Features of Modern Islamic State

Democratic
Ijtehad
Separation of religious establishment and the state organs strictly functional, not identical to separation of church & state Criminal law of Islam need not be enforced dogmatically Interest free banking need not be enforced in order to promote the free-market economy
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Features of Modern Islamic State

State must protect rights of landless tenets and workers, and impose tax on agricultural produce Determine minimum wages for the workers and their welfare Strengthen national integration in a Muslim majority, joint electorate can be adopted Equality of all citizens regardless of their race, religion and creed
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Prelude to Emergence of Muslim State

Muslim League (ML): established in 1906 by affluent Muslims who had Viceroys promise for the grant of separate electorate Muslims supported govt. sponsored partition of Bengal ML guarded Muslim interest while remaining loyal to constitutional authority Suitable self govt. for India added to its constitution in 1913
ML
1919 first set-back, with the formation of Khilafat Committee, MAJ revived it in 1924
1927 second set-back, on issue of joint vs. separate electorate

1928 third set-back, Nehru Committee Report 1929 Muslim Conference superseded all other organizations for the following years 1937 MAJ revived ML at Lucknow, adopted policy of mass contact
Muhammad Ali Jinnah (1876-1948)

Political debut as member of INC 1910 elected in Viceroys Legislative Council to represent Bombays Muslim business community 1913 joined ML retaining INC membership 1916 President of ML Did not associate with Khilafat Movement 1919 Reforms declared unsatisfactory whilst advised be accepted Left Congress on this account

1923 elected as an independent member in the Legislative Assembly 1924 revived ML
1929 Jinnah Fourteen Points were additions to Delhi Proposal of the Muslim Conference 1930 remained silent on Iqbals proposal of creation of Muslim State thru Round Table Conference (q)

Four years in isolation from politics in UK
Iqbal or Liaqat Ali Khan persuaded him to come back

1934 returned India, led Allah Abad Session of ML 1936 established Parliamentary & Provincial Boards in ML 1937 led Lucknow Session, forsaking ambassadorship of Hindu-Muslim unity

1937 poor election results Congress ignored ML in forming govts. and attempted to dissolve League Provincial Boards ML retaliated on the followings: Congress tri-colour flag Band-e-Matram Wearing of home spun clothes Worshipping Gandhis portrait in schools Use of Hindi instead of Urdu Vidia Mandir (education scheme) Prohibition of cow-slaughter Boycott of Muslim business

1938 Pirpur Committee Report containing grievances of Muslims of Hindu majority provinces was published Shareef Report for Bihar
Kamal Yar Jangh Report dealt future of Muslim education

R Coupland observed Hinduism may absorb Islam like Budhism CMs of Punjab, Bengal, & Assam joined ML

1938 Pirpur Committee Report containing grievances of Muslims of Hindu majority provinces was published Shareef Report for Bihar Kamal Yar Jangh Report dealt future of Muslim education R Coupland observed Hinduism may absorb Islam like Budhism CMs of Punjab, Bengal, & Assam joined ML

1935 Act was frustrated by ML 1938 ML resolved for revision of 1935 Act 1939 Viceroy demanded cooperation due to war with Germany, Congress demanded freedom assurance Nov 15, Congress ministries resigned Dec 22, 1939 Muslims rejoiced observing Deliverance Day Mar 23, 1940 Pakistan/Lahore Resolution was passed (q)

Aug 08, 1940 Viceroy announced policy that no future constitution be framed without consent of the minorities, ML accepted August Offer and her demands during the War remained mute Oct 1940 Congress disobedience movement arrested till Mar 1941 repelled and all leaders by Gandhi
Cripps Mission (single Union) arrived in India rejected postdated cheque on a bank that was obviously failing
ML also rejected on different reasons declared by Mr. Jinnah due to single Union
Aug 1942 Congress demanded Quit India initiated mass disobedience retaliated by British by declaring Congress illegal and arresting all its key members till June 1945 May 1944 Gandhi released due to ill health June 1943 Lord Wavell as Viceroy Ever since Gandhis release efforts were made to resolve Hindu-Muslim
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Rajgopal Acharis efforts:
ML to endorse Congresss demand of India Interim unitary centre be constituted for common interests Demarcate Muslim majority districts Conditional to full transfer of power by British
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MAJ responded:
India & Pakistan to follow their own constitution making bodies Self-determination on the basis of nation and not on territorial unit Not conceding to Gandhis insistence on British quitting during War
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1945 after the War Viceroy asked ML & Congress to nominate equal number of representatives for the Viceroys Council, Congress failed
1946 elections were held, all seats in the Central Legislative won by ML & 446 out of 495 provincial Muslim seats
ML membership in 1937only 1,330 & in 1944 it raised to 2 millions

Mar 1946 Cabinet Mission to assist Indian leaders in formation of constitution making body April 1946 Muslim Legislators Convention demanded Pakistan
Feb 1947, Attllee, British PM declared India would be granted independence and withdrew constitution making support

Mar 1947 Mountbatten replaced Lord Wavell June 03, 1947 plan approved by British Cabinet Boundary Commission under Cyril Radcliffe to demarcate boundaries of West Punjab, East & West Bengal July 18, 1947 Indian Independence Act was passed August 14, 1947 Pakistan Government was inaugurated in Karachi, on the recommendation of ML, MAJ as first Governor General by King George VI MAJ aspired to establish a liberal democratic Muslim welfare state in Pakistan.
Thanks
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Ideological Foundations

Dr. Justice Javed Iqbal

Concepts of Nationality & State

Islamic Constitutional Theory

JURISTS, MORALISTS & PHILOSOPHERS

sovereignty & shura

There is no compelling in the matter of religion (S2,V256).

Covenant / Mesaq Medina

constitutional principles from sunnah

constitutional principles from sunnah

constitutional principles from sunnah

Human rights to be guaranteed & enforced

Judiciary be separated from executive

appointment of Abu Bakr

basic human rights

basic human rights

Subversion of Political Message

caliph vs amir to sultan

Jurists, Moralists & Philosophers

Quresh, mujtahid, able having right to choose caliph allegiance to caliph

Justified successive designations (Haroon Rashid)

amalgamation of secular & religious aspects of the Muslim communitys life

Court of reviewer of wrongs Court of the qazi civil/criminal

Could rely on ulema

Followed batinya sect vs Fatimid at Cairo

Jurists, Moralists & Philosophers

imitated the style of Persian writers

Jurists, Moralists & Philosophers

Jurists, Moralists & Philosophers

Plato: Law, the real foundation of state

Ideal state is real if governed by Prophet-Lawgiver-PhilosopherImam

Ibn-e Rushd (1126-1198)

Ibn Khaldun (1332-1406)

Groups (dynasty) claim to rule on basis of collective achievement & capability

Caliphate as religio-political institution

Mixed state partly shariah& partly human-made

Shah Wali Ullah (1703-1762)

Political system an integral part of shariah

Sir Syed Ahmad Khan (1817-1898)

Sir Syed Ahmad Khan (1817-1898)

Sir Syed Ahmad Khan (1817-1898)

Sir Syed Ahmad Khan (1817-1898)

Criterion of tehqiq was on reason in harmony with nature

Sir Syed Ahmad Khan (1817-1898)

Sir Syed Ahmad Khan (1817-1898)

SS declared himself be a radical liberal

Sir Syed Ahmad Khan (1817-1898)

Sir Syed Ahmad Khan (1817-1898)

Sir Syed Ahmad Khan (1817-1898)

In 1901 at Lukhnow Mohsin ul Mulk organized Muhammadan Political Organization

Sir Syed Ahmad Khan (1817-1898)

Sir Syed Ahmad Khan (1817-1898)

New Social & Political Horizons

New Social & Political Horizons

New Social & Political Horizons

Separation of Sindh from Bombay

Depressed Class of Hindus

Dr. Muhammad Iqbal (1877-1938)

Dr. Muhammad Iqbal (1877-1938)

Dr. Muhammad Iqbal (1877-1938)

Denounced Lacknow Pact because it relied on Indian Nationalism

Muslim reformers believed forces of disintegration of Islam: Mullaism Sufiism sultanate

Reconstruction of religious thought in Islam: (q)