Analysis of reasoning
reasoning is present from the beginning of conscious life in the human being, involving perception and memory and imagination and conception may define it broadly and provisionally as purposive thinking, that is to say, thinking carried on in the interests of some plan which we wish to execute, some problem which we wish to solve, some difficulty which we wish to surmount. to involve the selection of certain ideas out of all those supplied us by the problem, the manipulation of these ideas in accordance with previously acquired habits, and the attainment of the solution by a proper combination of these two processes.
A judgment, when put into words, is what logicians call a proposition, and what grammarians call a sentence. that a process of reasoning, such as that of our illustration, contains concepts combined in the form of judgments. judgment is a new mental operation to which we must now devote our attention. Judgment and verbal expression; if the judgment is in any measure equivalent to a proposition or a sentence, we ought to gain assistance, in the distinguishing of its principal forms, from the classifications of the grammarians and logicians In the judgment, " the book is heavy," we have the concept heavy united to the concept book verbal precipitates of judgment we seem then to have two or more ideas mentally united in meanings which may imply either the postulated union or severance of the objects to which they refer
Analysis of judgment
judgment does really deal with the analysis of ideational (or perceptual) experiences Judgment is, then, in its most explicit forms, undoubtedly a process in which we synthesise concepts in the course of noting and asserting relations. the synthesis may bring out relations of which previously we- were not clearly cognisant. From this point of view judgment is not so much a matter of creating wholly new mental material as it is a matter of ordering our mental equipment in the most efficient possible manner
Judgment are assessed in terms of how accurate they are, while decisions are assessed in terms of their potential consequences
Identification of informal reasoning fallacies as a function of epistemological level, grade level and cognitive ability Weinstock, P, Neuman, Y and Glassner a (2006) Journal of Educational Psychology; Vol 89, No 2, 327 - 341