Fusion of egg and sperm nuclei completes fertilization

Dr Eman khammas Al-sadi Embryology lecturer

Fusion of egg and sperm nuclei completes fertilization

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Prenatal Period A. Early Embryonic Development 1.Cells undergo a period of mitosis called cleavage, when cells become smaller and smaller. 2.The dividing mass of cells (morula) moves down the uterine tube to the uterus, where a stage called the blastocyst implants in the lining of the uterus.

3.The offspring is called an embryo during the first eight weeks of development, and a fetus after that time.
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4.Some of the cells of the blastocyst become the placenta which also secretes hormones.

The human blastocyst implant in the endometrium along the posterior or anterior wall of the uterus, between the opening of the glands 3 distinct layers can be recognized in the endometrium
A- superficial (impact layer

B-intermediate spongy layer

Binter medi ate spong y layer

C- thin basal layer

C.

Embryonic Stage

1.The embryonic stage lasts from the second to the eighth week of development, during which time the placenta develops, and all the main internal organs and major external features appear. During the second week, the embryo is now called a gastrulaand its inner cell mass transforms into the embryonic disc, and layers form within it.
These layers become the three primary germ layers and give rise to all organ systems.

Uterus at time of implantation

The wall of the uterus consists of three layers: A- endometrium: Or mucosa lining the inside wall B- myometrium: Thick layer of smooth muscle C- perimetrium: The peritoneal covering lining the outside wall

nd 2

week of development

At the 7th-8th day of development

the blastocyst is partially imbaded in the endomatreal stroma

The trophoblast cells in the area over the embyroblast are differentiated in to 2 layers:

1-cytotrophpblast:an inner layer of mononucleated cells.

2- syncytiotrophpblast :outer layer of multinucleated cells, without distinct cell boundaries

Blastocyst (at 7th day)

Cells of the embyroblast(inner cell also differentiated in to 2 layersmass) hypoblast + epiblast layers=flat disc
1-hypoblast layer :a layer of small cuboidal cells adjacent to the blastocyst cavity. 2-epiblast layer: a layer of high columnar cells adjacent to the amniotic cavity,

there is a small cavity appears with in the epiblast enlarge with time to become the amniotic cavity

Amnioblast: epiblast cells adjacent to the cytotrophoblast they line the amniotic cavity together with the rest of the epiblast

the endometrim near the implantatin site is edematous & highly vascular

The gland :large tortuous secretes large amount of glycogen &mucus

( lacunar stage). Day 9

1-The blastocyst is deeply embedded & the penetration defect is closed by a fibrin coagulum. 2-at the embryonic pole : vacuoles appear in the syncytium fuses to form large lacunae so called ( lacunar stage). 3-at the abembryonic pole : the exocolemic membrane formed which is a thin layer of flat cells lining the inner surface of the cytotrophoblast originating from the hypoblast. 4-exocolemic cavity or the (primitive yolk sac)

Days11-12 bilaminar disc formation

1-the blastocyst is completely embedded in the stroma& the surface epithelium completely covered the defect in the uterine wall. 2- trophoblast at the embryonic pole cch by lacunar spaces forming the inter communicating network while at the abembyronic pole it still in the cytotrophoblastic form. 3-The syncytiotrophoblast penetrates more & erodes the endothelial lining of the maternal capillaries(sinusoids). 4- establishing the uteroplacental communication : as the lacunae become continuous with the sinusoids, & maternal blood enters the lacunar system.

5-extraembyronic mesoderm layers formation:

which consist of fine loose connective tissue cells derived from the yolk sac cells between the trophpblast & the exocolemic cavity 2 layers 1-extraembryonic somatopluric mesoderm. 2-extraembryonic splanchnopleuric mesoderm
6-

embryonic coelom). this space surrounds the primitive yolk sac& amniotic cavity , except the connecting stalk

( chorionic cavity ) called (extra

7-decidua reaction

the cells of the uterus become polyhedral& loaded with glycogen+ lipid ,intercellular spaces are filled with extravasate& the tissue is edematous.

Day 13
1-the surface defect is in the endometrium is usually healed nearly completely. 2-primary villous formation : from the trophoblast cells, Columns of proliferative cytotrophoblastic cells surrounded by syncytium 3-2ndry yolk sac formation or definitive yolk sac : from the hypoblast cells that migrates along the inside of the exocoelomic membrane , they proliferate & form a new cavity.(much smaller in size)

4-exocoelomic cysts: Large portions of exocoelimic cavity was pinched off in the chorionic cavity or in the extraembryonic coelom .
5-chorionic plate formation: The extraembryonic mesoderm lining the inside of the cytotrophoblast is known as chorionic plate 6-connecting stalk : t he space where the extraembryonic mesoderm traverse the chorionic cavity . Later with the development of the blood vessels it becomes the umbilical cord

B. Hormonal Changes during Pregnancy The outer layer of cells (trophoblast) of the blastocyst stage secrete the hormone human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG ,Levels of hCG remain high until the placenta can produce enough hormones on its own to maintain the pregnancy.
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placental lactogen for breast development and estrogens. .Other hormonal changes during pregnancy include increased secretions of aldosterone (promotes fluid retention) and parathyroid hormone (to maintain a high calcium level in the blood).
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Clinical correlates
Abnormal implantation The syncytiotrophoblast is responsible for Hormonal production including human chorionic gonadotropin(hCG) detected by (RIA) radioimmunoassay at the end of the 2nd week (PT)=pregnancy test

1-Implantation rejection
What are the factors which prevent embryo implantation rejection by the maternal system? Combination of factors include: 1-production of immunosuppressive cytokines& proteins 2-expression of an unusual major histocompatable complex that block recognition of the conceptus as a(FB) If the mother has an autoimmune disease i.e. SLE antibodies generated by the disease may attack the conceptus & reject it

2-Abnormal implantation sites:

-Abnormal implantation sites:
a-placenta previa :in which the blastocyst implants close to the internal os of the cervix later on the placenta bridge the opening & causes severe & even life threatening bleeding in the 2nd part of pregnancy & during delivery. b-Ectopic pregnancy: Implantation takes place outside the uterus i.e. in the abdominal cavity, ovary, uterine tube mainly in the ampulla. mostly the baby dies about the2nd month of gestation causing severe hemorrhage& abdominal pain in the mother

C-abnormal blastocyst: Some consist syncytium only, others showed trophoblastic hypoplasia, or absent embryo, or abnormal germ disc. they usually show no signs of pregnancy bec( C L)could not have persisted--- so aborted.

D- hydatiform mole: Trophoblast develops & form placental membrane with a little or no embryo tissue, mole secrete high level of (hCG)or may change to benign or malignant tumors(invasive mole or chorionic carcinoma)

3-Functional difference
3-Functional difference Genomic imprinting a Phenomenon in which there is different expression of homologous alleles or chromosome regions depending on the parent from whom the genetic material is derived , imprinting involve autosomes & sex chromosomes(one x chromosome is inactivated in somatic cells & form the chromatin positive body (Barr body Functional difference in maternal & paternal genes are provided by the following 2examples

1- in mole cases:
paternal genes regulate most of the development of the trophoblast in mole ,fertilization occur in oocyte lacking a nucleus followed by duplication of the male chromosomes to restore the diploid number

2-microdeletion on chromosome 15 from a father produce Prader-willi syndrome ,While if from the mother it result in Angelman syndrome

4-Preimplantation &post implantation failure

occurs often even in some fertile women's &under optimal conditions for pregnancy

Q1-Why bleeding occur some times? because of increase blood flow in to the lacunar spaces at the implantation site.

Q2-why there is inaccuracy in determining the expected date of delivery? Because the bleeding from the implantation site occur s near the 28th day of the menstrual cycle& might be missed as normal cycle.