Measurements of Variables

What behavioral dimensions would we except to find in people with high achievement motivation 1. Driven by work 2. Find difficult to relax 3. Prefer to work alone 4. Engage in challenging and not too challenging job 5. Seek feedback

1. Driven by work
a. be at work all the time b. be reluctant to take off time c. preserve even in the face of some setbacks 2. Find difficult to relax (Ask Questions) a. how often do you think about work while you are away form the workplace? b. what are you hobbies c. how do you spend your time when you are away from the work place 3. Prefer to work alone doesnt like to work slow or inefficient people

4. Engage in challenging and not too challenging job

a. Opts to do a challenging rather than a routine job b. opts to take moderate rather than great challenge 5. Seek feedback a. Asks for feedback on how the job has been done b. Is impatient for immediate feedback High Motivation Success

The Dimension of learning

Understanding Retention Application Attention

Scales
1. 2. 3. 4. Nominal Ordinal Interval Ratio

1. Nominal Scale
It allows the researcher to assign subjects to certain categories or groups It categories individuals or objects into mutually exclusive and collectively comprehensive group Eg. Male/Female-----------------(1/2)

2.Ordinal Scale
An ordinal scale not only categorizes the variables in such a way as to denote difference among the various categories, it also rank orders the categories in some meaningful way. With any variable for which the categories are to be ordered according to some preferences, the ordinal scale would be used. The preferences would be ranked (e.g., from best to worst; first to last) and numbered 1,2, and so on.

 Rank the following five characteristics in a job in terms of how important they are for you. You should rank the most important item as 1, the next in importance as 2, and so on.
Job characteristics Interact with others Use a number of different skills Complete a whole task from beginning to end Ranking of Importance

Serve Others
Work Independently

3. Interval Scale
An interval scale allows us to perform certain arithmetic operations on the data collected from the respondents. Whereas the nominal scale allows us only to qualitatively distinguish groups by categorizing them into mutually exclusive and collectively comprehensive sets and the ordinal scale to rank order the preferences, the interval scale lets us to measure the distance between any two points on the scale.
Strongly Disagree-1 Disagree-2 Interact with others Use a number of different skills Complete a whole task from beginning to end Serve Others Work Independently Neither Agree nor Disaree-3 Agree -4 Strongly Agree-5

4.Ratio Scale
A ratio scale is the top level of measurement and is not often available in social research. The factor which clearly defines a ratio scale is that it has a true zero point. Thus, weight is an example of the ratio scale because it has an absolute zero that we can measure. The interval scale, while having equal intervals like the ratio scale, does not have an absolute zero. Eg. How many organizations did you work for before joining this system? How many retail outlets do you operate?

Ranking Scale
1. Dichotomous Scale-Elicit a yes or no answer 2. Category Scale-Multiple items to a single response where in Mumbai do you stay? Nominal Scale 3. Likert Scale-Examine how strongly subjects
Strongly Disagree-1 Disagree-2 Neither Agree nor Disaree-3 Agree -4 Strongly Agree-5

4. Semantic deferential scale-several bipolar attributes are identified at extreme of the scale, and respondent are asked to their attitudes. Interval Scale Beautiful - -- - -- --- --- --- --- --- --- Ugly 5. Numerical Scale-it is similar to the semantic differential scale with the difference that numbers on a 5-point or 7-point scale are provided, with bipolar adjectives at both side. Extremely Pleased 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Extremely Displeased Interval Scale

6. Itemized Rating Scale-A 5-pont or 7-point scale with anchors, as needed, is provided for each item and the respondent states the appropriate number on the side of each item, or circles the relevant number against each item. Interval Scale
Very Unlikely-1 Unlikely-2 Neither Likely NorUnlikely-3 Likely-4 Very Likely-5

I will be changing my job within the next 6 Month

7. Fixed or constant Sum scale-the respondents are here asked to distribute a given number of points across Various items. Choosing a Soap
Color shape Size

Texture of Leather
Total Point 100

8. Staple Scale-This scale simultaneously measure both the direction and intensity of the attitude toward the items under study. Interval scale 3 2 1 Adopting Modern Technology -1 -2 -3 9. Graphic Rating Scale it helps the respondents to indicate on this scale their answers to a particular questions by placing a mark at the appropriate point on the line Interval Scale On a scale of 1 to 6 how would you rate Team Leader

10. Consensus Scale-scale are also developed by consensus

Ranking Scale
1. Paired Comparison The scale is used when, among a small numbers of objects, respondents are asked to choose between two objects at a time. 2. Forced Choice The forced choice enables respondents to rank objects relative to one another among the alternatives provided 3. Comparative scale It provides a benchmark or a point of references to access attitudes toward the current project, event or situation under study.

Validity and reliability

Reliability
Refers to consistency or precision in measurement; are measurement repeatable? Types of reliability 1. Across: test retest reliability 2. Within: Split Half reliability Internal Consistency 3. Multiple Judges : Interrater reliability Cronbachs alpha

 Improve Reliability 1. Clear conceptualization 2. Standardization (Methods) 3. Increases the number of items (Questions) 4. Use more defined measurement (Scale) 5. Pilot testing (Cronbachs alpha)

 Validity
Does the measure accurately measure the concept it is suppose to(and not something else?) Types of Validity 1. Content validity Does it include all the right items? 2. Criterion validity Does it accurately predict or forecast? 3. Construct Validity Does it measure the correct construct ? a. Convergent validity Dose it agree with other related measures? New instrument b. Discriminate validity Does it separate among unrelated measure?

Cronbachs alpha