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Main Topics
What is network optimisation? Why optimisation? Aim of network optimisation Advantages for the customer Planning vs. optimising Major problem areas Radio optimisation related processes Tuning Test types Measurement analysis Change request and action Acceptance tests Ongoing optimising Pre-analysis: general network check Customer complaints analysis Collect/analyse OMC statistics Collect/analyse drive test measurements Implement changes Test mobile Repeated call setups Continuous call Statistics 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 6 7 7 8 8 9 9 10 11 11 12 13 14 Concept for optimisation Analysis programs Problem symptoms Coverage analysis Test mobile measurements Possible problem areas Antenna configuration Antenna types - typical beam patterns Antenna fine tuning Omni vs. sectorised Vertical antenna beam Tilting Antennadiversity type Verification of RF network design Site check Antenna isolation Site physical configuration Site-to-site distances and distribution Special features for improving coverage Cell splitting, sectorisation DTM check Propagation model verification Link budget analysis 14 15 15 16 16 17 18 18 19 20 20 21 22 23 23 24 25 25 26 26 27 27 28
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Why Optimisation?
Coverage holes
the network design Unexpectedly high subscriber growth Extensive network expansions ongoing Frequency resources at the limit Unexpected mobility profile of subscribers
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Speech quality, Call success rate, Call setup time Service area , Radio Coverage Increase in subscriber potential
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Increased Profit
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significantly! In a poorly planned network, achievable optimisation effects without major re-design are rather marginal A close link between the two activities is necessary
Be involved
Feedback result
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Tuning Process
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Tuning
Test Measurement Measurement Analyzing Change Request Action
Objectives :
Verify network configuration against current planning status Identify and eliminate equipment faults (HW/SW) and installation errors Ensure that the network is ready for acceptance testing
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Test Types
Continuous drive test
setup a test call and drive over an area for detecting lack of coverage, missing handovers, interferences etc.
detail measurement to be taken at dedicated problem spots for detail analyzing of specific problem
Spot test
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Measurement Analysis
Antenna Installation check
BCCH, BSIC, CI, LAC Neighbour List, consistency HO and power parameters Call Setup on all timeslots and speech quality check HO to other sectors or other neighbours
Change BCCH to avoid interference Change HO-Margin Add neighbour relations (Mutual) Antenna tilt etc. Software bugs Transmission sync. (ADPCM)
Site Hardware
System error
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Acceptance Tests
Setup Test Scenario
Setup Test Scenario Test Purpose Test Definitions
Performing Test
Test Result
Test Analysis
Test Results
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Ongoing Optimising
For improvement of the network after it is launched and filled
up by subscribers
Pre-analysis: General network check Collect / analyse complaints Collect / analyse OMC statistics Collect / analyse drive test measuremts Propose / implement changes
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Kick-off meeting Determine original network planning objectives Collect information about network status Determine functional network structure, e.g.
- BTS / BSC locations., antenna direction etc. - services and features used - network structure (macrocell, microcell etc.)
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Caller and Called No. (PSTN->MS, etc.) What is the problem? (Voice Quality, Cant make a call, etc.) MS is moving or fixed while make call Where did the problem occur? When?
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Handled traffic (congestion on TCH, SDCCH) dropped calls Interference Handover reason (due to UL_QUAL, Powerbudget, distance)
Less labor intensive and time consuming More comprehensive, based on large number of users not limited to time of test drive Uplink and Downlink analysis possible Subscriber behavior mix of outdoor, indoor, incar use
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Limited geographical resolution (Where does the problem occur?) Cannot separate problems due to coverage from other
Call attempts in uncovered areas are not counted Call drop due to lack of coverage
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Timing Advance Layer 3 messages BSICs Signal and power levels of neighbouring cells
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Implement Changes
Changes related to database parameters
Actions related to site hardware Problems to be solved by Normal Roll-out activities Problems to be solved by other system experts
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Test Mobile
Various modes, e.g. Repeated call setups Continuous call Scanning mode
occupancy
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PSTNInterface
Method
Serial Interface
Measuremt Software
call setup hold for predefined time period and then release
repeat call setup after predefined waiting time (typical 15 s) simulate subscriber behavior wide area quality assessment and trend identification
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Purpose
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call setup success rate, setup time, dropped call rate statistics can be generated in Tornado / Planet, e.g.
Call Diagnostics RxQual Full Threshold: RxQual Full Threshold (%): 90 RxLev Full Threshold: RxLev Full Threshold (%): 90 Maximum Setup Time (s): Call 1 2 3 4 5 6 Time 21:38.8 23:53.1 26:08.7 28:23.9 30:38.8 32:54.4 Setup 6.5 FAIL 5.7 6.4 5.8 12 4 14 10
Clear Down RxQual (%) RxLev (%) Category OK 100 100 GOOD FAIL FAIL FAIL NO SETUP OK 98 85.3 LOW SIGNAL OK 79.5 100 NOISY FAIL FAIL FAIL DROPPED OK 100 100 DELAYED
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Continuous Call
Method
Purpose
Wide area quality trace Locating individual problem areas Detailed analysis in problem areas Quality assessment on rural highways etc. BS Testing and Functional Testing
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Continuous Call
Typical parameters RxLev, RxQual, BCCH, BSIC, handover, Layer 3 messages etc.
Import into planning tool Terrain or clutter background Comparison of measured network performance vs. prediction Statistics: RxLev, RxQual, handover success rate
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Statistics
Combine from both modes
Measurement RxLev > -85 dBm RxQual < 4 Handover success rate Call setup success rate Mean setup time Dropped call rate Test sample unit Measurement bin (Tornado) Measurement bin (Tornado) Handover attempt Call attempt Call successfully setup Call successfully setup No. of samples Measured value 8,432 8,432 61 115 106 106 99.90% 99.20% 93.50% 90.30% 5.3 s 1.00%
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Performance Measurements
Provide an overview of network performance (statistics)
Examples:
BTS ID LAC 25 6 26 3
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Busy hour SDCCH Blocking Rate 15:00:00 16:00:00 13:00:00 13:00:00 32.99% 5.99% 2.83% 2.06%
4 4 4 4
83 69 83 69 63 87
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Performance Measurements
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Network Snapshot
General Check
Analysis Programs
Coverage: Analysis for Fulfilment of Coverage Requirements (Urban, rural ... areas, outdoor, in-car, indoor) Analysis for Dropped Calls due to Interference, SW/HW failures, Transmission Network Failures
Dropped Call:
Call Setup:
Analysis for Blocking and Capacity Limitations, Analysis for Resource Allocation Procedures
Analysis for Efficient Handover Performance Analysis for Interference
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Problem Symptoms
No service
High call drop rate No coverage RF Network No System Availability No coverage Network Element Failures Interference Transmission Network Failures Handover failure Fixed Network BSS, SSS Network Element Failure Low call setup success rate Transmission Failures RF Network Other networks No coverage Mobile terminal Interference Blocking Poor speech quality Fixed Network BSS, SSS RF Network Blocking No coverage Overload Interference Other Poor handover performance Fixed Network BSS, SSS Network element failure Transmission network failure Other networks Mobile Phone
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Coverage Analysis
Test mobile measurements
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thresholds:
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Antenna Configuration
General points to check
omni directional 60, 90 or 120 degrees electrical downtilt cross-polarised coverage targets
electrical + mechanical
e.g. space diversity, polarisation diversity
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Possible coverage weakness between sectors Interference reduction Traffic load distribution Interference reduction Possible coverage weakness in the short to medium distance range Traffic load distribution
Vertical Plane:
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Parameters same for entire cell narrower beam easier to control interference tilting less efficient with wider beams Sectorised cell site with different downtilt angles
Directional antennae
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60 m
City
400 m
Solution:
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Tilting
Antenna downtilt often used to minimise interference
hBS
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Tilting
Electrical vs. Mechanical downtilt
0 Electrical
0 Mechanical
Advantages:
Disadvantages:
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Tilting
No Tilt Down Tilted 4 degrees
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Dual polarisation
Rx ant.
Horisontal / vertical
Cross polarised
vertical polarisation in general good performance requires extra antenna for diversity
mobile antenna normally not held vertically when signals are reflected polarisation change (vertical normally dominates) cross polarised preferred
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BTS
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Site Check
Verify that site is implemented according to plan
antenna spacing (diversity, isolation) antennae in one sector are installed in the same plane antennae alignment omni antenna installation cable installation
Horisontal spacing
Rx Rx Tx
Omni
k1 k2
Tx
k2
Rx
Rxd
Vertical spacing
Alignment of antennas
k
Tx
a= max 15
a
a
Rx d
Tx d
Rxd d
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Antenna Isolation
Isolation by vertical or horizontal separation between two antennas K73316..
60 50 40 30 20 10 0
1000 1250 1500 1750 2000 2250 500 750
A
Horizontal Vertical
Isolation /dB
Horizontal
A
Spacing A/ mm
Source: Kathrein
Vertical
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Antenna Isolation
Isolation by vertical or horizontal separation between two antennas K73416..
Isolation /dB
60 40 20 0
1000 1150 1250 400 500 650 750 900
A
Horizontal Vertical
Horizontal
A
Spacing A/mm
Source: Kathrein
Vertical
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ideally sites within a given area classification should have similar heights if traffic distribution is uniform evaluate site height in terms of objective
avoid coverage gaps target priority areas limit interference sectorise omni cells?
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Typical case
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Building Outlines
Building Outlines
Scale = 0.5 Km
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DTM Check
DTM resolution
horisontal
macrocell (typical 50-100 m for roads, 50 m for small cities, 20 - 40 m for large cities) microcell (very high resolution, down to building level)
Source data
heights and clutter derived from paper maps clutter and / or vector updates by satellite photographs / aerial photos for metropolitan areas
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field strength measurements check existing model against measurements modify model parameters
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uplink
nc a la
ed
Bu er ow
dg
et
R x S e n sitiv ity B S
c a b le lo s s u p lin k
a n te n n a d iv e rs ity g a in
u p lin k
M S Peak Pow er
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Receiver Sensitivity Diversity Gain Propagation Environment Link Balancing via Optimization of Diversity Tower mounted amplifier High power amplifier
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Unbalanced link budget Must be matched by higher BS TX power for balanced link budget -110 dBm
Uplink -107 dBm Downlink
40 dBm
37 dBm
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drive tests
OMC measurements lack of coverage interference problems handover problems lack of synchronisation in network problems with other parts of the network
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drive tests
OMC measurements
network congestion
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MAXRETR
Slotted ALOHA mechanism: Several users may attempt to
in case of collision new attempts are made MAXRETR: Maximum no. of retries allowed
BTS
MS
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E.g: MAXRETR = 2
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necessary
Too many neighbours
SIEMENS AG MON MAR15 15:18:41 SCALE 1:2500
EqualPowerBoundary Mutual Neighbour Non-Mutual Neighbour Missing Neighbour Too many Neighbours
Handover Failure
Dropped Call
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Handover Parameters
Objectives:
mobile should be connected to the bestcell avoid unnecessary handovers good speech quality less dropped calls
Consequence
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f1
f1
Cell dragging
Congestion
Cell dragging
Poor RxQual
Poor RxLev
Interference
Exceeded distance
Poor PBGT
Dropped Calls
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Too many neighbour cells Inaccurate signal level measurement False handover decisions Dropped Calls
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Handover Measurements
Handover due to a better
cell
(RxLev_1 > RxLev_Full)
quality
Can also be analysed by statistics
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Handover Parameters
Fine-tuning of handover parameters
Enhance success rate for critical handovers Minimise local interference at the cell edge Traffic load sharing between cells
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Signal level Quality BS-MS distance (Interference levels in idle time slots)
BSC
UL DL Neighbour
MS
BTS
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BSC
UL DL
Neighbour
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MS
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BTS
BTS and MS send measurement reports every 480 ms Makes handover decisions
BSC
UL DL Neighbour
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MS
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BTS
every SACCH-Multiframe (480ms,104 TDMA frames) averaging Window size (max.31) Window is cleared after call setup or handover
Gliding Window
32 27 23 29 29 21 19 22 23 21 Average value = 24
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32 27 23 29 29 21 19 22 23 21
32 32 27 27 23 29 29 29 21 21 Average value = 27
W_Lev_Full = 2 W_Lev_SUB = 1 Gliding Window = 5
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Handover Algorithm
Handover Decision
yes
yes
yes
No handover action
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Handover Criteria
Handover Region (due to quality and level)
Rx_Qual 7
Intercell HO due to quality Intracell HO due to Quality
L_Rx_Lev_XX_IH
L_Rx_Qual_XX_H
Intercell HO due to level
0
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L_Rx_Lev_XX_H
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63
Rx_Lev
Handover Decision
Handover Types Intercell HO due to Quality Decision Criteria 1. RXQUAL_XX > L_RXQUAL_XX_H 2. RXLEV_XX < L_RXLEV_XX_IH 3. XX_TXPWR = Min (XX_TXPWR_Max,P) HO due to Level 1. RXLEV_XX > L_RXLEV_XX_H 2. XX_TXPWR = Min(XX_TXPWR_Max,P) HO due to Distance 1. MS_BS_DIST > MS_Range_Max HO due to 1. RXLEV_NCELL(n) > RXLEV_MIN(n) Power Budget + Max (0,MS_TXPWR_MAX(n)-P) 2. PBGT(n) > HO_MARGIN(n) Intracell HO 1. RXQUAL_XX > L_RXQUAL_XX_H due to Quality 2. RXLEV_XX > L_RXLEV_XX_IH
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Intracell Handover
Stay within cell, change frequency / time slot situation
in general interference different on different timeslots change to a different cell may be unnecessary
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Interferer: f1 Sever: f1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
higher traffic load higher likelihood on other timeslots not effective with frequency hopping
parameter settings for intracell handover should be set to reduce such handovers
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Intracell Handover
Check for simultaneous occurrence of:
L_Rx_Lev_XX_IH
Rx_Qual
L_Rx_Lev_XX_IH
Intracell HO due to Quality
L_Rx_Qual_XX_H
L_Rx_Lev_XX_H
Rx_Lev
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Level Handovers
Adjacent cell not stronger than current cell + HO margin
Server
HOMARGIN
HO_Threshold_Lev
neighbour
MinHOReqInt
Driven route
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Level Handovers
Receiver limit sensitivity L_RXLEV_XX_H (outgoing level HO) L_RXLEV_XX_IH (inter HO / intracell quality HO) RXLEV_MIN (incoming HO)
BTS
RXLEV_MIN threshold for cell to accept incoming handover L_RXLEV_XX_H threshold for initiating outgoing handover due to signal level relation with RXLEV_MIN will determine hysteresis L_RXLEV_XX_IH threshold for initiating inter / intracell quality HO
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Distance Handover
Maximum allowable BS-MS distance
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HO margin
BTS1
BTS2
Ping-Pong HO
Cell Reselection
C1-criterion for cell access:
C1 = AV_RXLEV - RXLEV_ACCESS_MIN - MAX(0,MS_TXPWR_MAX_CCH-P) > 0
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Cell Reselection
For example:
DL
BTS MS
MS class 5 (GSM900) AV_RXLEV=-97 dBm
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Cell Reselection
For example:
DL
Operator A BTS
MS class 5 (GSM900)
DL
Operator B BTS
RXLEV_ACCESS_MIN = -100 dBm MS_TXPWR_MAX_CCH = 33 dBm (2W)
MS
MS receives signal from Operator A and B = -90 dBm Operator A Operator B C1 = -90 - (-110) - Max(0,33-29) = +16 C1 = -90 - (-100) - Max(0,33-29) = +6
3
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Cell Reselection
C1 criteria
C1 (neighbour cell) > C1 (serving cell) C1 (neighbour cell) > C1 (serving cell) + Cell_Reselect_Hysteresis High power class MS Low power class MS Cell_Reselect_Hysteresis
C1
BTS1
BTS2
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multipath interference
OMC statistics
Cause for poor quality low signal strength (coverage related interference low signal strength and interference
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Frequency Changes
Sometimes necessary to minimise interference
Other frequencies may be affected by the change Choice: Whichever happens to be easier to change
constraints
be re-planned
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Frequency Changes
BCCH/TCH swapping
BCCH: 794
BCCH: 794
before Effectiveness depends on TCH traffic load BCCH / TCH sub-bands are mixed Could be used as a temporary measure
after
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BSIC Optimisation
Base Station Identity Codes
f9 f9
f9
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Micro-micro Micro-macro
Fast measurement averaging Carefully tuned handover thresholds Small handover margins Short penalty timers
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Boundaries should not cross high traffic areas Cell reselection across LA boundaries
Parameter Cell_Reselect_Hysteresis (typ. 4 dB) used to avoid unnecessary signalling due to ping-pong cell reselections
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Interference Reduction
Power Control
Frequency Hopping Discontinuous Transmission DTX
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Power Control
Quality-triggered PC
e.g. L_RXQUAL_XX_P = 4
Triggers a power increase at poor quality Triggers a power reduction at good quality Virtually disabled by setting to highest RXQUAL value Level criterion is more suitable for power reduction
e.g. U_RXQUAL_XX_P = 1
Level-triggered PC
Triggers a power increase at bad level Triggers a power reduction at good level
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Power Control
RXQUAL
Power Increase (bad quality) L_RXQUAL_XX_P Power Increase (bad level) Power Decrease (Good Level)
L_RXQUAL_XX_P
Power Decrease (good quality)
RXLEV
L_RXLEV_XX_P U_RXLEV_XX_P 2*POW_RED_STEP_SIZE
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Frequency Hopping
Cyclic / Pseudo Random hopping
Baseband / Synthesized hopping
0 BCCH
0 1 5
f1 f2 f3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
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Frequency Hopping
Cyclic / Pseudo Random hopping
Baseband / Synthesized hopping
0 BCCH
0
f1 f2 f3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
ICN PLM CA NP
Frequency Hopping
Cyclic / Pseudo Random hopping
Baseband / Synthesized hopping
0 BCCH
0 1 5
f1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
f2,f3,f4,f5,f6,f7 f2,f3,f4,f5,f6,f7
f6 f3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
f7
f4
DTX
Goal: Reduce speech data rate from 13 kbps (user speaking) to
reduce MS power consumption reduce the interference in a cell DTXUL -> 0 : MS may use DTX (If possible) 1 : MS shall use DTX 2 : MS shall not use DTX FALSE : downlink DTX disabled at BTS TRUE : downlink DTX enabled at BTS
DTXDL ->
Channel Configuration
Channel Type TCHFULL MAINBCCH MBCCHC SDCCH TCHF&HLF* BCBCH* SCBCH* CCCH*
Channel Combination TCH/F + FACCH/F + SACCH/F FCCH + SCH + BCCH + CCCH (AGCH+PCH+RACH) FCCH + SCH + BCCH + CCCH + 4 (SDCCH+SACCH) 8 (SDCCH + SACCH) TCH/H(0) + FACCH/H (0) + SACCH/H(0) + TCH/H(1) FCCH + SCH + BCCH + CCCH + 3 (SDCCH+SACCH) + CBCH 7 (SDCCH + SACCH) + CBCH BCCH + CCCH
For example,
1TRX : TS0 -> BCBCH TS1-7 -> TCHFULL 2 TRXs : TRX0, TS0 -> MAINBCCH TRX0, TS1 -> SCBCH TRX0, TS2-7 -> TCHFULL TRX1, TS0-7 -> TCHFULL
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Capacity Enhancements
Easy approach: Add TRXs
Options
Traffic load distribution Interference optimisation features: FH, PC, DTX Sectorisation: Increasing cell density Cell splitting: Increasing site density HCS
Dual band operation (e.g. GSM900/DCS1800) Dual mode operation (e.g. GSM900/DECT) Underlay / Overlay Overlaid micro- and picocells
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Adding TRX
Congested cells found by OMC measurements
Sec TRX GOS 2% Week1 Week2 Week3 Week4 Week5 Week6 Week7 BTS1 1 3 14.9 10.53 9.66 10.21 9.88 10.54 9.97 10.37 BTS2 2 2 8.2 7.43 7.26 7.59 6.98 7.55 8.02 8.33 BTS3 3 3 14.9 11.92 11.4 12.12 11.82 11.75 12.02 12.15
Sector 2 will experience congestion Sometimes percentage limit, e.g. 80%, of full load defined
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3No additional sites or frequencies required 3Available, stable 3Implementation causes no disturbance of
network operation
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Allows call setup In second-best server, shares traffic resources between layers
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low traffic - fast mobiles normal traffic cover small high traffic areas
P I C C E L Ls
Picocell: Antenna
Hotspot
usually indoors
Parking lot
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Concentric cells
C/I = 17 dB C/I = 0 dB C/I = 17 dB
f3
f1
f2
f3
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coverage area Larger cells for fast moving mobiles / areas not covered by small cells
Macrocells
Microcells
Picocells
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Serving BTS
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mobile class
cell type
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Advantages:
No additional sites / frequencies required Minimum investment for infrastructure upgrade Speech quality degradation (reduction of speech bit rate from 13 kb/s to 6.5 kb/s)
Especially mobile-to-mobile calls
Disadvantage:
Gain depends on ratio full rate users / half rate users / data traffic
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PS! Standard setting suitable for most cases Starting point for possible optimisation, however
Danger
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Overlaid microcells Dual band Underlay/ Overlay HR Sectorisation Frequency Changes Fine tuning of antenna orientation and tilt Adding TRX Repeaters Preamps Cell spiltting Dual mode
Cost, Effort
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