LEARNING OBJECTIVES
STUDENT BE ABLE TO KNOW AND
UNDERSTANDS TO: 1. HUMAN EXCRETORY ORGAN
2. THE FUNCTION OF EXCRETORY SYSTEM 3. THE WASTE PRODUCTS OF HUMAN BODY METABOLISM
LEARNING CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION 2. HUMAN EXRCRETORY ORGANS 3. CONCLUSION
1. INTRODUCTION
Metabolic activities of cells create water and
carbon dioxide as waste products. As the cells utilize sugars, fats and proteins, nitrogen, sulphur and phosphorous are stripped from macromolecules in preparation for energy conversion. As the by-products are continually produced, a steep concentration gradient across the plasma membrane is established. This results in waste diffusing into the extracellular fluid.
1. INTRODUCTION
Excretory System Functions :
1. Collect water and filter body fluids. 2. Remove and concentrate waste products from
3.
body fluids and return other substances to body fluids as necessary for homeostasis. Eliminate excretory products from the body.
1. INTRODUCTION
Regulation of Extracellular Fluids : The chemical makeup of the extracellular fluid is
regulated by the excretory system. Composed of the kidneys, liver, lungs and skin in vertebrates, the excretory system removes the waste products of metabolism to maintain the water, salt and nutrient concentration levels in bodily fluids. Not all animals use the same routes or excrete their wastes the same way humans do. Excretion applies to metabolic waste products that cross a plasma membrane. Elimination is the removal of feces
1. INTRODUCTION
Major Metabolic Wastes:
synthesis & respiration 2. carbon dioxide: a by product of cellular respiration 3. Salts : a by product of Neutralization 4. Urea: a by product of protein metabolism, deamination
1. INTRODUCTION
dehydration synthesis = reactions in which
small molecules are combined to form large molecules cellular respiration = chemical reaction that releases energy from organic molecules (usually glucose) neutralization = reactions between acids & bases deamination = removal of amino groups from protein molecules
1. 2. 3. 4.
the lung? What kind of diseases which can affected of the lung function?
compounds are broken down in the liver by a process called deamination. As a result of these reactions, a nitrogenous waste called urea is formed.
temporarily stored in the gall bladder before being released into the small intestine where it helps "emulsify" (break down) lipid molecules.
glucose in the blood. When stimulated by insulin, the liver removes glucose form the blood & converts it to glycogen for storage. When stimulated by the hormone glucagon, the liver does the opposite: it breaks down glycogen, producing glucose, which is released into the bloodstream. The liver is also responsible for removing potentially hazardous chemicals from the blood. It "detoxifies" the blood. For this reason, alcoholics and other types of addicts have a higher incidence of liver disease.
4.1. Kidneys
The human kidneys are the major organs of
bodily excretion (see Figure 1 ). They are beanshaped organs located on either side of the backbone at about the level of the stomach and liver. Blood enters the kidneys through renal arteries and leaves through renal veins. Tubes called ureters carry waste products from the kidneys to the urinary bladder for storage or for release.
4.1. Kidneys
The product of the kidneys is urine, a watery
solution of waste products, salts, organic compounds, and two important nitrogen compounds: uric acid and urea. Uric acid results from nucleic acid decomposition, and urea results from amino acid breakdown in the liver. Both of these nitrogen products can be poisonous to the body and must be removed in the urine.
4.2. Nephron
The functional and structural unit of the
kidney is the nephron. The nephron produces urine and is the primary unit of homeostasis in the body.
posterior lobe of the pituitary gland. It regulates the amount of urine by controlling the rate of water absorption in the nephron tubules.
3. CONCLUSION
Food
Metabolic process Wastes
Energy
excretory organ
3. CONCLUSION
1. collect water and filter body fluids, 2. Remove and concentrate waste products from
3.
body fluids and return other substances to body fluids as necessary for homeostasis. Eliminate excretory products from the body.
REFERENCES :
1. Sylvia S. Mader, Human Biology 8th Edition, Mc
2. 3. 4.
Graw Hill Higher Education, Boston, 2004 Ganong Textbook of Physiology Wilkipedia encyclopedia Kanagasubheram,R., Sivanandasingham,P. ,Krishnamurti,A., Anatomy, Regional, Functional and Clinical, PG Publishing, Singapore, 1987