Guide: Mr.Karthik Pai.B.H Mr.

Vasudeva Pai

Nanda Kumar.TC 1ST Sem Mtech CNE

Implementing Network Software

Application Programming Interface (Sockets) Example Application Protocol Implementation Issues

Performance
Bandwidth and Latency Delay Bandwidth Product High-Speed Networks Application Performance Needs
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Internet user is increasing day by day and number of bit transmitted over the internet grown exponentially. Massive increase in computing power available in commodity machines. The significance of computer is that new functionality can be added readily with just a small matter of programming.

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Most network protocols are implemented in software. Each protocol provides a certain set of services and API provides syntax. Inter process communication carried out within the OS but when connecting to other computer is the issue.

Seminar on Advanced Computer Network

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Socket is an abstraction of a communication endpoint. Socket is as the point where a local application process attaches to the network. Originally provided by the Berkeley distribution of Unix, which is now supported in virtually all popular operating systems. Interprocess communication uses the client server model. The two processes each establish their own socket.
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Step involved in Client socket to establish a connection.

1. 2. 3.

Create a socket with socket() system call. Connect the socket to address of the server using the connect() system call. Send and Receive data. Simplest is to use read() and write() system call.

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Step involved in Server socket 1. Create a socket with the socket() system call. 2. Bind the socket to an address using the bind() system call. 3. Listen for connections with the listen() system call. 4. Accept a connection with accept() system call. 5. Send and receive data.
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#include<sys/socket.h> int socket(int domain, int type, int protocol)

Returns: file (socket descriptor if OK, -1 on error

Domain AF_INET AF_INET6 AF_UNIX AF_UNSPEC Type SOCK_DGRAM SOCK_STREAM

Description IPv4 Internet Domain IPv6 Internet Domain Unix domain unspecified Description Fixed-length, connctionless,unreliable messages Sequential, reliable,connction-oriented byte stream

Seminar on Advanced Computer Network

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#include <sys/socket.h> int bind(int sockfd, const struct sockaddr *addr,socklen_t len);

Binds the newly created socket to the specified Address. Address must be valid for the machine on which process is running. Address is data structure that contain both IP Address and TCP port number.

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#include <sys/socket.h> int connect(int sockfd, const struct sockaddr *addr, socklen_t len);
#include "apue.h" #include <sys/socket.h> #define MAXSLEEP 128 Int connect_retry(int sockfd,const struct sockaddr *addr, socklen_t alen) { int nsec; for (nsec = 1; nsec <= MAXSLEEP; nsec <<= 1) { if (connect(sockfd, addr, alen) == 0) { /** Connection accepted.*/ return(0); }/** Delay before trying again.*/ if (nsec <= MAXSLEEP/2) sleep(nsec);} return(-1); Seminar on Advanced Computer } Network 10/21/2013

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#include <sys/socket.h> int listen(int sockfd, int backlog);

The listen operation then defines how many connections can be pending on the specified socket. The backlog argument provides a hint to the system of the number of

outstanding connect requests.

#include <sys/socket.h> int accept(int sockfd, struct sockaddr *restrict addr, socklen_t *restrict len);
Accept operation carries out the passive open.

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#include "apue.h" #include <errno.h> #include <sys/socket.h> Int initserver(int type, const struct sockaddr *addr, socklen_t alen,int qlen) { int fd,err = 0; if ((fd = socket(addr->sa_family, type, 0)) < 0) return(-1); if (bind(fd, addr, alen) < 0) { err = errno;goto errout;} if (type == SOCK_STREAM) { if (listen(fd, qlen) < 0) { err = errno;goto errout;}}return(fd); errout:close(fd);errno = err; Seminar on Advanced Computer return(-1); Network 10/21/2013

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#include <sys/socket.h> ssize_t send(int sockfd, const void *buf, size_t

nbytes, int flags);

#include <sys/socket.h> ssize_t recv(int sockfd, void *buf, size_t nbytes,int

flags);

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#include <stdio.h> #include <sys/types.h> #include<sys/socket.h> #include <netinet/in.h> #include <netdb.h> #define SERVER_PORT 5432 #define MAX_PENDING 5 #define MAX_LINE 256 Int main() { struct sockaddr_in sin; char buf[MAX_LINE]; int len; int s, new_s;

/* build address data structure */ bzero((char *)&sin, sizeof(sin)); sin.sin_family = AF_INET; sin.sin_addr.s_addr = INADDR_ANY; sin.sin_port = htons(SERVER_PORT); /* setup passive open */ if ((s = socket(PF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0)) < 0) { perror("simplex-talk: socket"); exit(1); } if ((bind(s, (struct sockaddr *)&sin, sizeof(sin))) < 0) { perror("simplex-talk: bind"); exit(1); } Seminar on Advanced Computer
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listen(s, MAX_PENDING); /* wait for connection, then receive and print text */ while(1) { if ((new_s = accept(s, (struct sockaddr *)&sin, &len)) < 0){ perror("simplex-talk: accept"); exit(1); } while (len = recv(new_s, buf, sizeof(buf), 0)) fputs(buf, stdout); close(new_s); } }

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#include <stdio.h> #include <sys/types.h> #include <sys/socket.h> #include <netinet/in.h> #include <netdb.h> #define SERVER_PORT 5432 #define MAX_LINE 256 Int main(int argc, char * argv[]) { FILE *fp; struct hostent *hp; struct sockaddr_in sin; char *host; char buf[MAX_LINE];

int s, len; if (argc==2) { host = argv[1];} else { fprintf(stderr, "usage: simplextalk host\n"); exit(1);} /* translate host name into peer's IP address */ hp = gethostbyname(host); if (!hp) { fprintf(stderr, "simplex-talk: unknown host: %s\n", host); exit(1); }
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/* build address data structure */ bzero((char *)&sin, sizeof(sin)); sin.sin_family = AF_INET; bcopy(hp->h_addr, (char *)&sin.sin_addr, hp->h_length); sin.sin_port = htons(SERVER_PORT); /* active open */ if ((s = socket(PF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0)) < 0) { perror("simplex-talk: socket"); exit(1);} if (connect(s, (struct sockaddr *)&sin, sizeof(sin)) < 0) { perror("simplex-talk: connect"); close(s); exit(1); Seminar on Advanced Computer } Network 10/21/2013

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/* main loop: get and send lines of text */ while (fgets(buf, sizeof(buf), stdin)) { buf[MAX_LINE-1] = '\0'; len = strlen(buf) + 1; send(s, buf, len, 0); } }

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Process Model Message Buffers Process Model:

Process-per-protocol
Each protocol is implemented by separate process. Time consuming operation.

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Process Model:
process-per-message:
Each protocol as a static piece of code and associates process with message. OS dispatches a process for the message. At each level procedure that implements that protocol is invoked and so on.

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Message Buffers:
Copying data from one buffer to another is one of the most expensive things a protocol implementation can do. Use of abstraction data type for message. Connect linked list pointer to message buffer.

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Bandwidth is a number of bits that can be transmitted over the network in a certain period of time. Latency how long it takes a message travel from one end of network to another. Latency which contain three component

Bandwidth and Latency combines to define performance of a given link or channel.

Seminar on Advanced Computer Network

Latency = Propagation + Transmit + Queue Propagation = Distance/SpeedOfLight Transmit = Size/Bandwidth

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If we think of channel between a pair of processes as hollow pipe then Latency=length of pipe Bandwidth=Diameter of pipe. Product of Delay and Bandwidth gives volume i.e maximum number of bits that could be in transit through at given instance of time.

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A transcontinental channel with a one-way latency of 50 ms and a bandwidth of 45Mbps is able to hold

50 103 seconds 45 106 bits/second = 2.25 106 bits So approximately 230 KB of Data.

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Increase in Bandwidth .Is Latency decreases?. Difference b/w Throughput and Latency Throughput=TransferSize/TransferTime TransferTime=RTT+1/Bandwidth x TransferSize RTT is calculation of request msg+Data sent Back

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User want to fetch a 1-MB file across a 1Gbps network with round trip time(RRT) of 100ms.Calculate throughput?. Transfer time= 100ms+(1/1Gbps x 1MB) =100ms+8ms =108ms Throughput=1MB/108ms =74.1Mbps

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Interpacket Gap : Spacing between the packet when it comes to destination. Jitter problem: latency varies from packet to packet.

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Implementation of the networks protocols and application programs, usually in software. The socket interface is the most widely used interface between application programs and the network subsystem, but a slightly different interface is typically used within the network subsystem. Finally, the network as a whole must offer high performance, where the two performance metrics we are most interested in are latency and throughput. As we will see in later chapters, it is the product of these two metricsthe so-called delay bandwidth productthat often plays a critical role in protocol design.
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i)Computer Networks: A systems Approach, Larry L. Peterson & Bruce S. Davie, Elsevier Inc, 2007. ii)Computer Networking: A Top-Down Approach Featuring the Internet, James Kurose, Kieth W. Ross, Addison Wesley, 2002 iii)Protocol Management in Computer Networking, Phillippe Byrnes, Artech House Publishers, 2000. iv)Advanced Programming in the UNIX Environment: Second Edition By W. Richard Stevens, Stephen A. Rago
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