Flywheel Energy Storage System

Contents
Introduction Types of energy storage system Flywheels Components of Flywheels Applications of FESS FESS in Space FESS in Vehicles Gyro Bus FESS in Power Source Comparison Advantages and Disadvantages Conclusion References
Flywheel Energy Storage System
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Introduction
Storage is needed to [12] : Buffer temporal variations of loads and sources. Provide a constant, predictable source to the grid. Provide flexibility during dynamic market conditions.
Flywheel Energy Storage System

Types of Energy Storage System [3]

Electrochemical Energy Storage
Conventional Solid State Batteries (CSSB) Flow Cell Batteries (FCB)
Mechanical Energy Storage

Flywheels (FES) Pumped Hydro (PHES) Compressed Air (CAES) Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES)*

Built around chemical potentials of redox reactions to store and release energy
Flywheel Energy Storage System

Built around the fundamentals of potential and kinetic energy physics

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Mechanical Energy Storage System

Flywheels Principle: Energy is stored in the form of Mechanical Energy [7]. Light weight fiber composite materials are used to increase efficiency[7].

Flywheel Arrangement [2]

Flywheel Energy Storage System

 Permanent magnet (PM) motors are currently the most commonly used motors for Flywheel systems [12]. Motor efficiency must be high over the entire speed. Power range of operation is 50,000rpm to 100,000rpm, with a power rating of up to 30kW [12].

Flywheel Energy Storage System

Components of FESS [1]

Flywheel Energy Storage System

Applications of FESS
FES in space FES in vehicle FES in power source

Other applications [10] i. Load levelling for micro turbines ii. Load levelling for fuel cells iii. Energy storage for micro-grids (islanding) iv. Stop and go power recycling for metro/subway stations v. Stop and go power recycling for multielevator buildings
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FESS in Space
NASA's 41,000 RPM G2 flywheel [6] NASA flywheel unit will store in excess of 15 MJ and can deliver a peak power of more than 4.1 kW. US$ 200 million will be saved if flywheels replace the first generation of space station batteries .
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FESS in Vehicles
Flywheel-Based Driveline Power is transferred from the wheels directly to the main energy storage device (e.g., batteries) during regenerative braking [8]. Flywheels offer steady voltage and power level, independent of load, temperature, or state of charge[9]. Flywheel system is physically divided in two voltage levels through the flywheel machine stator windings[5].
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A schematic figure of the electric driveline system with an integrated flywheel machine[5].

Flywheel Energy Storage System

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Gyro Bus
Electric Bus with no overhead grid of Electric lines. Bus carried a three-ton rotating steel wheel attached to an unusual electric motor instead of Engine. Flywheel kinetic energy back into electricity which drove the bus wheels

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FESS in Power Source

Flywheels for UPS Applications Lower life cycle cost, being more environmentally friendly, and providing enhanced reliability and efficiency over battery based systems [4].

Benefits[11] Integration with standby gen-sets Continuous power conditioning and power quality improvement applications. Load levelling for standby or continuous gas turbines
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Comparison of Lead-Acid Batteries, Flywheel Batteries, and SMES [12]

Lead-Acid Battery Storage mechanism Life (years in service) Technology Number of Manufacturers Annual Sales ($ in millions) Temperature Range Environmental concerns Chemical 35 Proven ~ 700 ~ 7000 Limited Disposal issues Flywheel Battery Mechanical >20 Promising ~5 ~2 Broader, but still limited Small SMES Electrical ~20 Promising ~1 A few Controlled Small

Relative size
Maximum time to hold a charge Price ($/kW)

Larger
Years 50 100

Smallest
Hours 300 400

Smaller
Days >300
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Flywheel Energy Storage System

Advantages and disadvantages of flywheel energy storage

Advantages Power and energy are nearly independent Fast power response Potentially high specific energy Short recharge time Disadvantages

Complexity of durable and low loss bearings Mechanical stress and fatigue limits Material limits at around 700M/sec tip speed Potentially hazardous failure modes

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Conclusion
Very compact when compared to other energy storage systems. High cycle and calendar life Relatively high round-trip efficiency A flywheel is preferred due to light weight and high energy capacity. Relatively high parasitic and intrinsic losses Short discharge times
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References
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B. Abdi, A. A. J. S. M. S. H. H., 2011. A Comparative Approach within Chemical Battery, Flywheel and Supercapacitor Base Energy Storage System for LEO Satellite Applications. International Review of Electrical Engineering (I.R.E.E.),, Volume vol 6, pp. 739-743. Bjorn Bolund, H. B. M. L., 2005. Flywheel energy and power storage systems. Renewable and sustainable energy reviews, pp. 235-258. C. Kathirvel, K., 2011. Technologies for Tapping Renewable Energy: A Survey. European Journal of Scientific Research, 67(1), pp. 112-118. Davis, S., 2012. Hybrid Flywheel System Extends UPS Run Times with Batteries. POWER ELECTRONICS TECHNOLOGY, January, pp. 16-18. George N. Prodromidis, F. A. C., 2011. Simulations of economical and technical feasibility of battery and flywheel hybrid energy storage systems in autonomous projects. Elsevier Renewable energy, pp. 149-153. Haichang Liu, J. J., 2006. Flywheel energy storage-An upswing technology for energy sustainability. Elsevier and energy buildings, pp. 599-604. Janaina G. Oliveira, J. L. a. H. B., 2011. Converter for Regenerative Braking in a Two-Voltage-Level FlywheelBased Driveline. International Journal of Vehicular Technology, pp. 1-9. Janaina Goncalves de Oliveira, J. L. J. d. S. a. H. B., 2010. "A Double Wound Flywheel System under Standard Drive Cycles: Simulations and Experiments,". International Journal of Emerging Electric Power Systems, 11(4). O. Briat, J. V. W. L. S. A. a. E. W., 2007. Principle, design and experimental validation of a flywheel-battery hybrid source for heavy-duty electric vehicles. The Institution of Engineering and Technology, pp. 665-674. Patrick T. McMullen, L. A. H. C. S. H. D. R. D., 2003. DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF A 100 KW ENERGY STORAGE FLYWHEEL FOR UPS AND POWER CONDITIONING APPLICATIONS. 24th International PCIM Conference. Pierce, A., 2011. Hi-Tech Flywheels Spin Kinetic Energy into Electricity. Technology Today, November, pp. 10-11. Tsao, P. I.-P., 2003. Power. eecs. [Online] Available at: http://wwwpower.eecs.berkeley.edu/publications/theses/PerryPhDThesis.pdf [Accessed 25 March 2013].

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