DESIGNING,IMPLEMENTING AND EVALUATING PROGRAMMES FOR YOUNG CHILDREN

TYPES OF CURRICULUM March 21,2013 2pm-4pm

TYPES OF CURRICULUM

WHAT IS THE FORMAL (WRITTEN OR OVERT)CURRICULUM?

The formal curriculum is the planned programme

of objectives, content, learning experiences, resources and assessment offered by a school. It is sometimes called the 'official curriculum'.
This type of curriculum is what appears in

documents and teachers' plans. The formal curriculum is the blueprint for lessons taught in schools, explicitly stating what students are to learn, and sometimes how they are to learn it.

WHAT IS THE OPERATIONAL CURRICULUM?

The formal curriculum (written or overt) comprises

those things in textbooks, and content and concepts in curriculum guides. However, those "formal" elements are frequently not taught. The curriculum-in-use is the actual curriculum that is delivered and presented by each teacher.

What are some social skills that children seem to learn without being taught?
THE HIDDEN CURRICULUM

WHAT IS THE HIDDEN CURRICULUM?

The "HIDDEN CURRICULUM" is a term to used

to describe the unwritten social rules and expectations of behaviour that we all seem to know, but were never taught (Bieber, 1994).
Hidden curriculum is a concept that describes the

often unarticulated and unacknowledged things that students are taught in school.

WHAT IS THE HIDDEN CURRICULUM?

The hidden curriculum involves all the incidental

lessons that students learn at school. It is sometimes called the 'unofficial curriculum' - and includes the lessons about behaviour, personal relationships, the use of power and authority, competition, sources of motivation and so on that students learn at school. These lessons can be either positive or negative in terms of promoting a sustainable future.

WHAT DO WE MEAN BY A HIDDEN CURRICULUM?

A hidden curriculum exists in every environment,

whether it is the classroom, the town pool, grandmas house, a place of worship, or a siblings music recital. It contains many different elements such as the expected behaviours, actions and skills unique to a specific environment, degree of responsibility, and even conventional mode of dress.
To further complicate matters, the hidden

curriculum changes according to location, situation, people, age, and culture.

IMPORTANCE OF THE HIDDEN CURRICULUM

Many of education's most profound and positive

teachings can be conveyed in the hidden curriculum. If a spirit of fairness penetrates every corner of a school, children will learn to be fair. Through the service of teachers, administrators, and older students, students learn to be of service to others.

IMPORTANCE OF THE HIDDEN CURRICULUM

By creating an atmosphere of high standards, the

hidden curriculum can teach habits of accuracy and precision. Many aspects of school life, ranging from homework assignments to sporting events, can teach self-control and self-discipline.
While unseen, the hidden curriculum must be

considered with the same seriousness as the written, formal curriculum. The everyday behavior of the faculty, staff, and other students cannot fail to have an impact on a student.

IMPORTANCE OF THE HIDDEN CURRICULUM

Factors involved in the value of teaching hidden

curriculum include:
Social acceptability Vulnerability Safety Anxiety Self-image

EXAMPLES OF THE HIDDEN CURRICULUM

1. When a teacher has her or his desk at the

front of the classroom and "teaches" from this area, the message that is being learned by students is that the teacher is in control, including being the knowledge authority, and is the center of attention. The teacher is also of central importance.
2. Eating chewing gum in class is unacceptable. 3. Stand when a visitor enters the classroom. 4. Remain quiet while the teacher is teaching.

EXAMPLES OF THE HIDDEN CURRICULUM

School subjects corresponds to division of labour fragmentation of knowledge and tasks Education levels correspond to occupational levels competing for qualifications and promotion School obedience corresponds workplace authority Doing what the teacher says and what the boss says

HIDDEN CURRICULUM
Schools have many unwritten rules that need to be taken into account for success of all How to dress the right backpack Greetings cool hang outs Free-time activities Must have technology

Many students are motivated figure out the unwritten rules and do so by observing the perceived popular kids, advertisements, and adapt to their personal style.

READING THE HIDDEN CURRICULUM BY BODY LANGUAGE

Body Part Action

Interpretation
not understanding, listening, thinking Displeased, intimidated, bullying, anger

Head Face Eyes

Leaning to one side Whole face scowl Wide open Almost closed

Surprise, amazement Disbelief; doubt Thinking, confused

Eyebrows Knit brows

Mouth

Corners lifted up Corners down Opened wide

Greeting, happy Sad, unhappy, disappointed Surprise, shock

READING THE HIDDEN CURRICULUM BY BODY LANGUAGE

Body Part Chin Body

Action
Lifted, pushed forward Pointing a finger Hands on hips

Interpretation
Proud, tough, defiant Giving directions, threat, getting in trouble Frustrated, bored, questioning/ expecting an answer Questioning, dont know Unapproachable, Listening/ taking in info

Shrugging shoulders Arms folded across chest

WHAT IS THE NULL CURRICULUM?

That which we do not teach, thus giving students

the message that these elements are not important in their educational experiences or in our society.
First coined by Elliot Eisner, the null curriculum is

the information which educators intentionally or unintentionally leave out of the prescribed curriculum. All educators have to leave out something. Most of us know far more than we can share in the limited time we have with our students.

EXAMPLES OF NULL CURRICULUM

The null curriculum varies from school to school

depending on what each school offers. Examples of null curriculum could be the following: Religion Foreign languages (or some foreign languages) Culture

WHAT IS THE EXTRA CURRICULUM?

Curriculum not formally taught It takes place in addition to the students regular

work or school duties

School expect participation in extracurricular

activities to serve the following ends: Participation in extracurricular activities allows students to develop and display skills that are not accommodated by class work.

WHAT IS THE EXTRA CURRICULUM?

Extracurricular activities provides means through

which students may pursue excellence and achieve distinction.

Extracurricular activities helps to develop a sense

of community and service within the school