POLITICAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE STRUCTURE AND SYSTEM

Represented by Tomy Paulino, Stella Perreras, Jezza Palomo, and Andreana Crucillo

EVENTS THAT LED TO THE COLONIZATION

Miguel Lopez de Legazpis conquest to the Philippines granted by King Philip II with the title Adelantado de Filipinas
o Ununited barangays and fragments of islands made it easier for the conquistadores to take over. En cada fraile tenia el rey en Filipinas un capitan general y un ejercito entero ( In each friar in the Philippines they had a captain and a whole army)

Pacification of the Indios was caused by the Cross into reshaping the natives
o

REAL Y SUPREMO CONSEJO DE LAS INDIAS

Royal and Supreme Council of the Indies Governed all Spanish possessions Guided by compendium of laws (Recopilacion de leyes de los reynos de las Indias) Consejo de las Indias was supplanted by the Ministro de Ultramar (Ministry of Colonies) The king: the paramount lawmaker and administrator overseeing clonies

ENCOMIENDA SYSTEM
Earliest political system used during the conquista period. Conquistadores, friars, and native nobels (encomenderos) were granted states in exchange for their services to the king.
o Collect tribute o Tasked to provide military protection, justice and governance o Provide soldiers for the king and defend the colony from invaders

Abused and replaced by administrative provinces headed by alcalde mayor

PLAZA
Central are for town activities and location of government buildings, the church, residential areas, etc. Relocation of the indigenous people Resettlement as a way of closer administrative control and supervision Reflected the emergence of the social stratification that caused the intermediaries between the Spanish and natives to be define.

THE THREE PROPS OF POWER

Traditional barangay authority
o Cabecera capital of the parish; built and designed to be the location of the village o Incorporating native hierarchy of authority with colonial administration o Insured the measure of social continuity that eased the acceptance of foreign rule o Recruitment of barrio and poblacion officials, making chiefs as political allies

Political privileges
o Using duties to enrich themselves (gobernadorcillo and cabeza de barangay)

Economic power
o Introduction of private property as a source of wealth o Traditional authority made it simple to secure formal ownership of lands o Easier transaction for land ownership

BUREAUCRACY
Centralized colonial government Different levels of administration

NATIONAL GOVERNMENT
Seat of power (Manila) Governed by the Governor-General (Gobernador y Capitan General)
o Sole representative of the king o Highest ranking official in the Philippines o Exercised executive, (certain) legislative, judicial power o Comander-in-chief of the army and the navy o Vice-real patron: had the power over ecclesiastical appointments and the right to supervise mission work o Usually a Peninsular (Spaniard born in Spain) to ensure loyalty of the colony to the crown

PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT
Local government unit Unpacified military zones (Corregimiento)
o Mariveles and mindoror o Headed by the coregidores

Pacified provinces and districts (alcaldia/provincial/hukuman)

o Headed by the alcalde mayor o Indulto de Comercio o Reform Decree of 1886

PROVINCIAL GOVERNEMENT
city governments (ayuntamientos)
Center of trade and industries City council (Cabildo)
Alcalde (Mayor) Regidores (Councillors) Alguacil Mayor (Police chief) Escribano (Secretary

8 Ayuntamietnos: Manila, Iloilo, Cebu, Jaro, Batangas, Albay, Nueva Caceres, and Vigan 6 cities (Villas) in Luzon and Visayas: Manila, Villa Fernandina (Vigan), Nueva Segovia (Lal-lo, Cagayan), Nueva Caceres (Naga), and Arevalo (Villa, Iloilo)

MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENT
Filipino Bureaucrats Pueblo/ Municipio (Town)
o Headed by Gobernadorcillo (little governor) o Highest government position a Filipino (Prinicipalias) can attain o Intervened in all administrative cases pertaining to his town o Assisted by three supernumeraries or inspectors who supervised matters (boundaries lieutenants or districts and secretaries)
Teniente Mayor (chief lieutenant) Teniente de Policia (police lieutenant) Teniente de Sementeras (lieutenant of the fields) Teniente de Ganados (lieutenant of the livestock)

o Requirements: Chinese mestizos, 25 years old, literate in oral or written Spanish and has been a Cabeza de Barangay (4 years) o Maura Law
Reoranzied town governments with the aim of making them effective and autonomous Named after Don Antonio Maura (Spanish Minister of Colonies)

BARRIO GOVERNMENT
Filipino Bureaucrats Village or district Headed by the cabeza de barangay (barrio administrator)
o Tax collector for the governadorcillo o Philip II: to show them good treatment and entrust them, in our name, with the government of the Indians, of whom they were formerly the lords.

RESIDENCIA AND VISITA

Checks the abuse of power of royal officials Ensures faithful and efficient service on the part of the government authorities

RESIDENCIA
Special judicial court that investigates the performance of the Governor General going to be replaced Judicial review of a residenciado (one judged) conducted at the end of his term
o Supervised publicly by a juez de residencia

If found guilty, heavy fines, sequestration of properties, imprisonments, dismissed from office or expelled from the colony.

ROYAL AUDIENCIA
Served as an advisory body to the Governor General Power to check and report his abuses Audited the expenditures of the colonial government

Sent a yearly report

AMALGAMATION OF CHURCH AND STATE

The concept of the service of "both Majesties":God and king as a basis of the union of Church and State. Dual authority gave rise to jurisdictional disputes Malolos Constitution brought about the separation Of Church and State Marcelo H. del Pilar called the situation in the Philppines soberania monacal (monastic supremacy) or Frailocracia (frailocracy) The friars were not only the parish priests or spiritual guides, but in effect were rulers