Basic techniques of liberation and thinning

CRITERIAS TO SELECT CROP TREES IN THE NATURAL FOREST STANDS:

1. Average spacing 7 m, 2. Local commercial/marketable tree species, 3. Largest in diameter at its place, 4. Healthy stem and crown, 5. If diameter > 40 cm,

6. If tree species conserved by the government.

CRITERIAS TO SELECT CROP TREES IN THE MAN MADE FOREST STANDS:

1. Largest in diameter, 2. Healthy stem and crown, 5. If possible, evenly distributed.

Liberation/thinning intensity
Light: just removal of direct competitor. Heavy: removal of direct competitor, removal of damaged trees, removal of some part dense trees.

How to select crop trees

M M M 1 M 2 3 2nd case: Tree no 1 with diameter 90 cm, damaged, with high crown. Tree no 2 young healthy meranti. Choose tree no 2 as a crop trees. Tree no 1 does not necessary to be removed, because it is not a competitor. 2 1st case: If there are 3 merantis can be selected for crop trees nearby, choose the best one (no 2). Remove immediately its competitor (no 1). Tree no 3 does not necessary to be removed.

M
1

N M 1 M N 2 M N

3rd case: Tree no 1 is not commercial tree species, d > 40 cm with healthy stem. One small healthy tree is under the tree (no 2). Select tree no 1 as a crop tree, because it has already grown up. Tree no 2 doesnt need to be removed.

4th case: Tree no 1 is an unknown non commercial tree. Tree no 2 is big meranti with damaged stem (bent and hollowed). Tree no 3 is healthy meranti. Tree no 4 is not tree species. Select tree no 3 as a crop tree. Remove tree no 2 and 4. Let tree no 1.

M M N N

M N N N

5th case: Two young trees of meranti grow adjacently (no 3 and no 4). There is no other meranti tree around the area. Select both of the trees no 3 dan 4 as an unit of crop trees. Trees no 1, 2, 5, 6, 7, dont to e removed because they are not competitor.

1 2

5 6 7
6th case: Tree no 1 red meranti d = 5 cm. Tree no 2 dipterocarpus d = 8 cm. Both of the trees are healthy and vigorous. Select tree no 1 as a crop tree. Dipterocarpus should be killed because of competing meranti. Diameter increment of exposed meranti is 1,5 cm/th, whereas diameter increment of exposed dipterocarpus is 1,1 cm/th. In next 35 yrs, diameter of meranti can be {5+(33x1,5)}=54,5 cm, whereas d of keruing if it is liberated will be {8+(33x1,1)}= 44,3 cm. therefore in such case, it is preferred to select meranti than dipterocarpus.

7th case: Tree no 1 is a harder wood species with a healthy trunk with d 77 cm. Tree no 2 is a hardest wood tree species Shorea laevis with d 86cm. Select both of the two large trees as crop trees although the trees grow near together and oblique. Dont kill one of them, because both of them has ready to be used.

500 ml

600 gr

5 lt

Tools: Tools for tree poisoning: plastic bottle of 500 ml, ax of 600 gram, and jerrycan of 5 lt.

Application: Stem of impeder tree should be gashed around by ax. Wound should be open to make easy water enter the wood. Wound deeps 1-2 cm into the sapwood.

Obstacles:
Timber stand improvement is not implemented by the forest companies

No motivation of the forestry investors. Concessioners feel no security for future forestry bussiness (land conflict, yield conflict between company and local community). No control capacity of the Forest Services all levels.

It is needed other variant of silviculture.