Circulatory system

 The circulatory system transports fluids throughout the body;

 it consists of the cardiovascular and lymphatic systems.
 The heart and blood vessels form the blood transportation network,
the CVS
The function of the circulation
 to transport nutrients to the body tissues,
 to transport waste products away,
 to conduct hormones from one part of the body to another
Cardiovascular System
 is a series of tubes (the blood vessels) filled with fluid (blood) and
connected to a pump (the heart).
 Refers to the heart and blood vessels
 The heart pumps blood through the body's vast system of vessels.
 The blood carries nutrients, oxygen, and waste products to and from
cells.
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 Blood flows through a network of blood vessels that extend between
 Those blood vessels can be subdivided into
 pulmonary circuit
 which carries blood to and from the gas exchange surfaces of
the lungs, and
 systemic circuit
 which transports blood to and from the rest of the body.
 Each circuit begins and ends at the heart and blood travels through
these circuits in sequence.

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 Blood Vessels: The Vascular
System

• Taking blood to the tissues and back

• Arteries
• Arterioles
• Capillaries
• Venules
• Veins

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The Vascular System

Figure 11.8b

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 Blood Vessels: Anatomy
• Three layers (tunics)
• Tunic intima
• Endothelium
• Tunic media
• Smooth muscle
• Controlled by sympathetic nervous
system
• Tunic externa
• Mostly fibrous connective tissue
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Differences Between Blood Vessel
Types
• Walls of arteries are the thickest
• Lumens of veins are larger
• Skeletal muscle “milks” blood in veins
toward the heart
• Walls of capillaries are only one cell
layer thick to allow for exchanges
between blood and tissue
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 Movement of Blood Through
Vessels

• Most arterial blood is

pumped by the heart
• Veins use the milking
action of muscles to
help move blood

Figure 11.9

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Capillary Beds

• Capillary beds
consist of two
types of vessels
• Vascular shunt –
directly connects an
arteriole to a venule

Figure 11.10 Slide

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Capillary Beds

• True capillaries –
exchange vessels
• Oxygen and
nutrients cross to
cells
• Carbon dioxide
and metabolic
waste products
cross into blood

Figure 11.10 Slide

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Diffusion at Capillary Beds

Figure 11.20

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 Vital Signs
 Arterial pulse
 Blood pressure
 Repiratory Rate
 Body Temperature
 All indicate the efficiency of the
system

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Pulse

• Pulse –
pressure wave
of blood
• Monitored at
“pressure
points” where
pulse is easily
palpated
Figure 11.16
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Blood Pressure
• Measurements by health professionals
are made on the pressure in large
arteries
• Systolic – pressure at the peak of
ventricular contraction
• Diastolic – pressure when ventricles relax
• Pressure in blood vessels decreases as
the distance away from the heart
increases
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 Measuring Arterial Blood Pressure

Figure 11.18

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Blood Pressure: Effects of Factors

• Neural factors
• Autonomic nervous system adjustments
(sympathetic division)
• Renal factors
• Regulation by altering blood volume
• Renin – hormonal control

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Blood Pressure: Effects of Factors

• Temperature
• Heat has a vasodilation effect
• Cold has a vasoconstricting effect
• Chemicals
• Various substances can cause increases or
decreases
• Diet
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 Variations in Blood Pressure
• Human normal range is variable
• Normal
• 140–110 mm Hg systolic
• 80–75 mm Hg diastolic
• Hypotension
• Low systolic (below 110 mm HG)
• Often associated with illness
• Hypertension
• High systolic (above 140 mm HG)
• Can be dangerous if it is chronic
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The lymphatic system
 Includes: lymph, lymphatic vessels, lymphatic tissue, lymphatic nodules, lymph nodes,
tonsils, the spleen, and the thymus.
 The major functions of the lymphatic system include
 fluid balance,
 fat absorption, and
 defense.
 Recall that as blood flows thru systemic capillaries, a small net amount of fluid is exuded
into the interstitial space.
 While this fluid loss from the capillaries is necessary to maintain the presence and
composition of tissue fluid (and thus intracellular fluid as well), too much fluid loss is not a
good thing.
 Luckily, we have lymphatic vessels, whose main function is to return this fluid to the
vascular system.
 Additionally, they play a huge role in detecting pathogens and activating the appropriate
immune response.

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 Lymphatic vessels
 return approximately 3L of fluid to the vascular system per day.
 This ensures that blood volume is sufficient.
 They also return any leaked plasma proteins back to the bloodstream.
 Fluid within lymphatic vessels is known as lymph.
 Lymph
 is similar to plasma except it contains fewer proteins.
 It contains water, nutrients, ions, gases, wastes, and hormones.
 Lymphatic vessels are a 1-way system flowing toward the heart.
 There are several types of lymphatic vessels including: lymphatic capillaries,
lymphatic collecting vessels, lymphatic trunks, and lymphatic ducts.
 Lymphatic capillaries
 are blind capillaries found almost everywhere blood capillaries are found, i.e.,
everywhere tissue fluid is formed.
 Areas w/o lymphatic capillaries include bones, teeth, and CNS.
 Little ISF is found w/i bones and teeth.
 CNS ISF drains into the cerebrospinal fluid.

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 The simple squamous epithelial cells of the capillary wall overlap and are loosely
attached to another.
 This makes the lymphatic capillaries quite permeable (much more so than blood
capillaries) and ensures that fluid is able to enter but not leave.
 Fluid enters easily, as do proteins, WBCs, pathogens, and cancer cells.
 Specialized lymphatic capillaries, known as lacteals, are present in the intestinal
mucosa where they assist in absorption of dietary fat.

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 Lymphatic collecting vessels
 receive lymph from lymphatic capillaries.
 They’re similar to veins (tunics with similar proportions) but contain more valves.
 There exist both superficial and deep lymphatic collecting vessels.
 They pass thru lymph nodes, where lymph is monitored and “cleaned” of pathogens
and cancer cells.
 Lymphatic trunks
 The union of the largest lymphatic vessels .
 The jugular trunks drain the head and neck;
 the subclavian trunks drain the upper limbs, superficial thoracic wall, and mammary
glands;
 the bronchomediastinal trunks drain thoracic organs and the deep thoracic wall;
 the intestinal trunks drain the intestines, stomach, pancreas, spleen, and liver; and
the lumbar trunks drain the lower limbs, pelvic and abdominal walls, pelvic organs,
gonads, kidneys, and adrenal glands.
 Lymphatic duct
 The union of lymphatic trunks
 There are 2 lymphatic ducts: the right lymphatic duct and the thoracic duct. 23
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 The right lymphatic duct
 drains lymph from the right arm and the right side of the head and thorax.
 It receives lymph from the right jugular, right subclavian, and right
bronchomediastinal trunks.
 It then empties into the right internal jugular vein.
 The thoracic duct
 drains lymph from the rest of the body.
 It receives lymph from the left jugular, left subclavian, left bronchomediastinal,
intestinal, and lumbar trunks.
 It empties into the left internal jugular vein.
 Note that there is a large degree of variability in the formation and emptying of
the lymphatic ducts.

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Lymph

• Materials returned to the blood

• Water
• Blood cells
• Proteins

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Lymph

• Harmful materials that enter lymph

vessels
• Bacteria
• Viruses
• Cancer cells
• Cell debris

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Lymph Nodes

• Filter lymph before it is returned to the

blood
• Defense cells within lymph nodes
• Macrophages – engulf and destroy foreign
substances
• Lymphocytes – provide immune response to
antigens

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 Lymph Nodes

Figure 12.3

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Lymph Node Structure

Figure 12.4

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Other Lymphoid Organs

• Several other
organs contribute
to lymphatic
function
• Spleen
• Thymus
• Tonsils
• Peyer’s patches
Figure 12.5
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12.9
 The Spleen

• Located on the left side of the abdomen

• Filters blood
• Destroys worn out blood cells
• Forms blood cells in the fetus
• Acts as a blood reservoir

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 The Thymus

• Located low in the throat, overlying the

heart
• Functions at peak levels only during
childhood
• Produces hormones (like thymosin) to
program lymphocytes

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Tonsils

• Small masses of lymphoid tissue

around the pharynx
• Trap and remove bacteria and other
foreign materials
• Tonsillitis is caused by congestion with
bacteria

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 Peyer’s Patches

• Found in the wall of the small intestine

• Resemble tonsils in structure
• Capture and destroy bacteria in the
intestine

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 Mucosa-Associated Lymphatic
Tissue (MALT)
• Includes:
• Peyer’s patches
• Tonsils
• Other small accumulations of lymphoid
tissue
• Acts as a guard to protect respiratory
and digestive tracts
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