Routing With a Link-State Protocol

Introducing Routing and Switching in the Enterprise Chapter 6

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Contents

Routing Using The OSPF Protocol

Link-state protocol operation OSPF metrics and convergence OSPF neighbors and adjacencies OSPF areas

Implementing Single-Area OSPF

Configuring basic OSPF in a single area Configuring OSPF authentication Tuning OSPF parameters Verifying OSPF operation

Using Multiple Protocol

Configuring and propagating a default route

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Configuring OSPF summarization

OSPF issues and limitations Using multiple protocol in the enterprise
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Objectives
Describe and plan a network using OSPF. Design and configure a network using single-area OSPF.

Work with multi-protocol environments.

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Routing Using The OSPF Protocol

Link-state protocol operation
Link-state routing protocol Open standard developed by IETF Classless interior gateway protocol Divides the network into areas for scalability Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) is an example of a link-state routing protocol. OSPF is an open standard routing protocol, developed by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) to support IP traffic. To isolate routing issues within a single area. Do not send frequent periodic updates of the entire routing table only when a change in the topology occurs, such as a link going down Performs a full update every 30 minutes.
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Routing Using The OSPF Protocol

Link-state protocol operation

Compared with distance vector protocols, link-state routing protocols:

Requires more complex network planning and configuration

Requires increased router resources

Requires more memory for storing multiple tables Requires more CPU and processing power for the complex routing calculations

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Routing Using The OSPF Protocol

OSPF metrics and convergence Bandwidth determines the cost of a link

Higher bandwidth = lower cost = desirable route

Cost = 100,000,000 / bandwidth of link in bps Manual cost configuration at an interface: ip ospf cost OSPF bases the cost metric for an individual link on its bandwidth or speed. The metric for a particular destination network is the sum of all link costs in the path. If there are multiple paths to the network, the path with the lowest overall cost is the preferred path and is placed in the routing table.

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Routing Using The OSPF Protocol

OSPF metrics and convergence

SPF algorithm (Diijkstras Algorithm)

Each router has a topological tree / map of the network SPF tree information stored in topology database OSPF routers within a single area advertise information about the status of their links to their neighbors. Messages called Link State Advertisements (LSAs) are used to advertise this status information.

Starting from the root, the SPF tree identifies the shortest path to each destination and the total cost of each path.
The OSPF link-state or topology database stores the SPF tree information. The router installs the shortest
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Routing Using The OSPF Protocol

OSPF metrics and convergence

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Routing Using The OSPF Protocol

OSPF metrics and convergence Convergence occurs when all routers:
Receive information about every destination on the network Process this information with the SPF algorithm Update their routing tables

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Routing Using The OSPF Protocol

OSPF neighbors and adjacencies Adjacencies: an advanced form of neighborship between routers that are willing to exchange routing information When routers initiate an adjacency with neighbors, an exchange of link-state updates begins. Routers reach a FULL state of adjacency when they have synchronized views on their link-state database. Hello protocol: used to initially establish and maintain adjacencies Router ID: Role of loopback interfaces
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Routing Using The OSPF Protocol

OSPF neighbors and adjacencies

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Routing Using The OSPF Protocol

OSPF neighbors and adjacencies The purpose of the DR and BDR to reduces the number of updates sent unnecessary traffic flow processing overhead on all routers Requiring all routers to accept updates from the DR only. On broadcast network segments there is only one DR and BDR.

All other routers must have a connection to the DR and BDR.

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Routing Using The OSPF Protocol

OSPF neighbors and adjacencies
When a link fails, the router with information about the link sends the information to the DR, using the multicast address 224.0.0.6. The DR is responsible for distributing the change to all other OSPF routers, using multicast 224.0.0.5. Ensures that all routers receive the same information at the same time from a single source. The BDR ensures that there is no single point of failure. Like the DR, the BDR listens to 224.0.0.6 and receives all updates that are sent to the DR.

If the DR fails, the BDR immediately takes over as DR, and a new BDR is elected. Any router not elected as the DR or BDR is known as a DROther.
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Routing Using The OSPF Protocol

OSPF neighbors and adjacencies

Designated router (DR) Backup designated router (BDR)

DROther

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Routing Using The OSPF Protocol

OSPF areas Area 0

Roles of routers in an OSPF Autonomous System:

Area Border Router (ABR) Autonomous System Border Router (ASBR) All OSPF networks begin with Area 0, also called the backbone area. As the network is expanded, other areas can be created that are adjacent to Area 0. These other areas can be assigned any number, up to 65,535.

OSPF has a two-layer hierarchical design. Area 0, also referred to as the backbone area, exists at the top and all other areas are located at the next level. All non-backbone areas must directly connect to area 0. This group of areas creates an OSPF Autonomous System (AS).
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Implementing Single-Area OSPF

Configuring basic OSPF in a single area OSPF configuration steps: Enable OSPF + process ID Advertise networks + wildcard mask and area ID

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Implementing Single-Area OSPF

Configuring OSPF authentication Authentication protects integrity of routing information Simple password authentication Message Digest 5 (MD5)

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Implementing Single-Area OSPF

Configuring OSPF authentication

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Implementing Single-Area OSPF

Tuning OSPF parameters Tune OSPF parameters:

Interface priority
Router ID Loopback and interface addresses Bandwidth (cost )

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Implementing Single-Area OSPF

Verifying OSPF operation Verification and troubleshooting commands:

show ip ospf neighbor

show ip protocols, show ip route show ip ospf, show ip ospf interface

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Using Multiple Protocol

Configuring and propagating a default route Default route configured on ASBR

ASBR distributes the route into the OSPF network

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Using Multiple Protocol

Configuring and propagating a default route

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Using Multiple Protocol

Configuring OSPF summarization Benefits of OSPF summarization:

Reduces number of networks advertised

Reduces memory requirements Reduces number of entries in router updates Isolates flapping and other problems to their location

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Using Multiple Protocol

Configuring OSPF summarization

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Using Multiple Protocol

OSPF issues and limitations
OSPF limitations:

Increased router memory and processing demands

Strict design requirements Knowledgable administrator required

Initial discovery process takes up network bandwidth

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Using Multiple Protocol

OSPF issues and limitations

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Using Multiple Protocol

Using multiple protocol in the enterprise For various reasons, organizations might choose different routing protocols.
A network administrator may choose different routing protocols for different sections of a network, based on legacy equipment or available resources. Two companies that merge may have configured their networks using different routing protocols and still need to communicate with each other.

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Using Multiple Protocol

Using multiple protocol in the enterprise

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Using Multiple Protocol

Using multiple protocol in the enterprise Administrative distance (AD) determines routes that appear in routing table

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Summary
OSPF is a classless interior link-state routing protocol used in enterprise networks
OSPF uses bandwidth to generate the cost metric OSPF routers elect a DR and BDR on multi-access networks Router ID or router priority can be used to dictate the selection of DR and BDR

The OSPF network command uses a wildcard mask

Default route distribution and inter-area route summarization are used in OSPF networks

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