D K GIRISH GOWDA 1KS12MMD04 rd 3 SEM M TECH MECHANICAL MACHINE DESIGN

Guided by:Dr. Anil kumar C Professor

Introduction
All piece parts are eventually used for assembly. The probable lengths of the resulting combinations are the one to be concentrated upon. In large volume production the problem is complicated by the fact the lengths of the assembly members are unknown to the designer. They may only know that the lengths of individual parts lie somewhere within the specified tolerances. Variations in a dimension occur despite of keeping production conditions as constant as possible. The manner in which these variations are distributed within the tolerance therefore becomes important in determining the length of the resulting assembly. In addition, the drawings are done at one location, but the fabrication and assembly take place at fardistant places under conditions unknown to the designer.

Nevertheless, it becomes necessary that the designer makes the best estimate possible so as to find out the probability of assembly variations be. The contacting surfaces should be flat and free of burrs and other imperfections. Thermal effects must also be taken into account. Types of Tolerance Specification: 1. Unilateral tolerance 2. Bilateral tolerance Equal Unequal Unspecified tolerances for the present consideration could be employed as 0.3. For ease of calculation, bilateral tolerancing should be used. Unilateral tolerance can be changed temporarily changed to the bilateral form for the purpose of making calculations. Thus a dimension 4.000,+0.000,-0.008 mm would become 3.9960.004

Tolerance will be represented as u and will be used to represent the permissible variation each way from the mean. The other nomenclatures foregoing u are as follows: A- Area under distribution curve K- Class width f(x)- Function of x N- Number of pieces U- Engineering tolerance Un- Natural tolerance or 3 Ua- Natural tolerance for assembly X- Dimension x- Weighted average of dimension x Z- Number of standard deviations between specified dimension x and mean x of normal curve - Standard deviation or root-mean-square error a- Standard deviation for assembly t- standard deviation for truncated normal curve 2- Variance, Square of standard deviation - Summation x - Infinity X- a Mean value

Arithmetic or Sure fit law

The length of a simple part is shown in Fig 1. A mean

dimension x is given with the tolerance u expressed bilaterally.

The mean value x a for an assembly is the sum of

means of separate part as given by the Eq 2.1. x a = x 1 + x 2 + .......= x (2.1)

The simplest rule for estimating the tolerance Ua for the assembly is merely to add the tolerances u of the individual parts. The results are given in equation 2.2. Ua = u1 + u2 + ..= u (2.2) Example1: The lengths for the three parts that are placed in end-to-end assembly are shown in Figure 2 determine the probable tolerance ua for the assembly by the arithmetic rule.

Solution: By Eq. (2.2), Ua = u1 + u2 + ..=u.(2.2) Ua= u=0.050+0.075+0.150=0.275 mm Equation (2.2) usually gives a value too large for Ua. In fact, all the parts could simultaneously be at their high limit or all simultaneously at their low limit. Although physically possible, such an event would be of very rare occurrence. In general, some parts will be longer than their mean and sum will be shorter, so that after assembly the result for Ua will be less than that indicated by Eq. (2.2). The inverse problem sometime occurs. Mere assembly tolerance Ua would be specified with piece part tolerances u1, u2 to be determined. The arithmetic rule may impose a severe restriction of small tolerances on the individual parts.