Introduction Definition History Classification Cutting instrument Non cutting Cutting instrument MATERIALS Hardening and Tempering Heat

Treatments Design Shank angles Nomenclature Formula Bevels Cutting instrument applications Excavators Chisels

Sharpening Stationary sharpening Mechanical sharpening Instrument grasp Modified pen. Inverted pen. Palm and thumb. Modified palm and thumb.

Cleaning and Sterilization

Non cutting instrument
Amalgam condenser Mouth mirror Others

Introduction
Definition :
It is hand-powered dental instruments.

History :
The early hand-operated instruments characterized by:
Large, heavy handles and inferior metal alloys in the blades. cumbersome, difficult to use, and ineffective in many situations.

there was no uniformity of manufacture or nomenclature, Many dentists made their own hand instruments in an effort to find a suitable instrument for a specific need. effective sterilization was a problem.

Designs of some early hand instruments

G.V. Black is credited with the first acceptable nomenclature and classification of hand instruments.
His classification system enabled both dentists and manufacturers to communicate more clearly and effectively in regard to instrument design and function.

G.V. Black

HAND INSTRUMENT

cutting

Non cutting

excavators

chisels

others

Amalgam condenser

mirrors

explorers, probes

others

ordinary hatchets

straight curved bin-angle

Enamel hatchet
Gingival margin trimmers

files
scalers

hoes
Angle formers spoons

carvers

MATERIALS

Hand cutting instruments are manufactured from two main materials.

carbon steel

stainless steel

Is harder than stainless steel. when unprotected, it will corrode.

remains bright under most conditions. loses a keen edge during use much more quickly than does carbon steel

MATERIALS

Tungsten carbide inserts or blades to provide more durable cutting edges (brittle). They may be soldered to steel handles.
some instruments are made with carbide to provide more durable cutting edges.

MATERIALS

Other alloys of nickel, cobalt, or chromium are used in the manufacture of hand instruments.

Stainless Steel

Carbon steel

MATERIALS

Hardening and Tempering Heat Treatments:

To gain maximal benefits from carbon steel or stainless steel, the manufacturer must submit them to two heat treatments: hardening and tempering .

Heat treatment Furnace

MATERIALS

The hardening heat treatment hardens the alloy, but it also makes it brittle, especially when the carbon content is high.

Heat treatment relieves strains and increases the tempering toughness.

Heating or flaming of hand instruments during dental use can alter the original properties of the alloy and render it unserviceable.

Design

Most hand instruments composed of three parts :

a- Blade or nib b-Shank c-Handle

Design

a- blade
This is the working part of the instrument. Begins at the point which terminates the shank. It is connected to the handle by the shank.

Each blade has a cutting edge which is the working part of the instrument. It is usually in the form of a bevel (acute angle) that cuts into the tooth structure. On non cutting instruments e.g. condensers the part corresponding to the blade is called the nib or face.

Design

b-shank
Connect the handle to the working end of the instrument.

Normally smooth, round and tapered. Have one or more angles to avoid twisting of the instrument. Hand instruments must be balanced and sharp. Balance allows for the concentration of force onto the blade without causing rotation of the instrument.

Design

Balance is accomplished by designing the angle of the shank so that the cutting edge of the blade must not be off axis by more than 1-2 mm.

Shank angles:
Mon-angle, bin-angle, triple angle. Instruments with small short blades may be monangle

Design

Instruments with long blades may required two or three angles in the shank to bring the cutting edge near to the long axis of the handle. Such shanks are termed contra angled.

Design

c- handle(shaft)
It is the part grasped in the operators hand. Perfectly straight, smooth or eight sided. Serrated for better gripping and control of the instrument. Handles are in conjunction with the shank or it may be separable. Separate type is known as cone-socket handle and allows for replacement of several working ends e.g. mirrors and condensers.

Design

mirror
cone-socket handle (mirror)

nomenclature

Black classified all instruments by name according to:

1. Function e.g. scaler, excavator. 2. Manner of use e.g. hand condenser. 3. Design of the working end e.g. spoon excavator, sickle scaler 4. Shape of the shank e.g. mono-angle, biangle, contra-angle.

These names were combined to form the complete description of the instrument e.g. binangle spoon excavator.

formula

Hand cutting instruments have formulas describing the dimensions and angle of the working end. These are placed on the handle using a code of three or four numbers separated by dashes or spaces (e.g. 10-85-8-14).
The first number indicates the width of the blade in tenths of a mm (e.g. 10 = 1 mm). The second number primary cutting edge angle measured from a line parallel to the long axis of the handle in clockwise centigrade.

formula

Instrument shank and blade design with formula.

formula

If the edge is perpendicular to the blade, this number is omitted resulting in a 3 numbers code. The third number indicates the blade length in mm (e.g. 8 = 8 mm).
The fourth number indicates the blade angle relative to the long axis of the handle in clockwise centigrade e.g. (14) Additional number on the handle is the manufacturers identification number.

formula

Additional number should not be confused with the formula number.

Bevels

Most hand cutting instruments have on the end of the blade a single bevel that forms the primary cutting edge. Two additional edges,

Additional two secondary cutting edges that extend from the primary cutting edge for the length of the blade. This allows cutting in 3 directions; facial and lingual walls of the proximal cavity.

Chisel blade design showing primary and secondary cutting edges.

Bevels

Bibeveled instrument have two bevels that form the cutting edge, e.g. hatched excavator.

Bevels

Single beveled instrument such as spoon excavator and gingival margin trimmer are used with lateral cutting movement.

Bevels

Enamel hatchet also as a single beveled instrument used with direct cutting motion, a planning or lateral cutting designated for right and left to the instrument formula.

Bevels

Right and left bevels To determine this, the primary cutting edge is held down and pointing away. If the bevel appears on the right, it is in the right instrument of the pair, when used it is moved from right to left. The opposite is true for the left instrument of the pair. One instrument is used for work on one side of the preparation and the other for the opposite side of the preparation.

Bevels

The cutting edge is perpendicular to the axis of the handle e.g. binangle chisel.

Instrument with slight blade curvature e.g.Wedelstaedt chisel.

Applications can be classified into:

Hand cutting instrument

Excavators
-Removal of caries and refinement of the internal parts of the preparation.

Chisels
-Used primarily for cutting enamel.

CUTTING INSTRUMENT APPLICATIONS

(1)Excavators
hatchets hoes

angle formers
spoons

CUTTING INSTRUMENT APPLICATIONS

Hatchet excavator
It has the cutting edge of the blade directed in the same plane as that of the long axis of the handle and is bibeveled .

CUTTING INSTRUMENT APPLICATIONS

Hatchet excavator
These instruments are used primarily on anterior teeth for preparing retentive areas and sharpening internal line angles, particularly in preparations for direct gold restorations .

CUTTING INSTRUMENT APPLICATIONS

Hoe excavator

IT has the primary cutting edge of the blade perpendicular to the axis of the handle

CUTTING INSTRUMENT APPLICATIONS

Hoe excavator
This type of instrument is used for planing tooth preparation walls and forming line angles. It is commonly used in Classes III and V preparations for direct gold restorations.

CUTTING INSTRUMENT APPLICATIONS

Hoe excavator

Some sets of cutting instruments contain hoes with longer and heavier blades, with the shanks contra-angled. These are intended for use on enamel or posterior teeth.

CUTTING INSTRUMENT APPLICATIONS

Angle former excavator

It is mon-angled and has the primary cutting edge at an angle (other than 90 degrees) to the blade. It is available in pairs (right and left )

CUTTING INSTRUMENT APPLICATIONS

Angle former excavator

It is used primarily for sharpening line angles and creating retentive features in dentin in preparation for gold restorations. It also may be used in placing a bevel on enamel margins

CUTTING INSTRUMENT APPLICATIONS

Spoon excavator Its blades are slightly curved, the shanks may be bin-angled or triple-angled to facilitate accessibility. Spoon excavators discoid
- the cutting edges are circular.

cleoid
-the cutting edges are claw like.

CUTTING INSTRUMENT APPLICATIONS

binangled spoon

tripleangled spoon

CUTTING INSTRUMENT APPLICATIONS

Cleoid spoon

CUTTING INSTRUMENT APPLICATIONS

Discoid spoon

CUTTING INSTRUMENT APPLICATIONS

(2)Chisels
straight, slightly curved, or bin-angle

enamel hatchets
gingival margin trimmers

CUTTING INSTRUMENT APPLICATIONS

straight, slightly curved, or bin-angle

The straight chisel has a straight shank and blade, with the bevel on only one side. Its primary edge is perpendicular to the axis of the handle.

CUTTING INSTRUMENT APPLICATIONS

straight, slightly curved, or bin-angle

The shank and blade of the chisel also may be slightly curved (Wedelstaedt design)

CUTTING INSTRUMENT APPLICATIONS

straight, slightly curved, or bin-angle

The shank and blade of the chisel also may be bin-angled .

CUTTING INSTRUMENT APPLICATIONS

straight, slightly curved, or bin-angle

The force used with all these chisels is essentially a straight thrust. There is no need for a right and left type in a straight chisel, since a 180-degree turn of the instrument allows for its use on either side of the preparation.

CUTTING INSTRUMENT APPLICATIONS

straight, slightly curved, or bin-angle

The bin-angle and Wedelstaedt chisels have the primary cutting edges in a plane perpendicular to the axis of the handle and may have either a distal bevel or a mesial (reverse) bevel.

CUTTING INSTRUMENT APPLICATIONS

straight, slightly curved, or bin-angle

The blade with a distal bevel is designed to plane a wall that faces the blade's inside surface

CUTTING INSTRUMENT APPLICATIONS

The blade with a mesial bevel is designed to plane a wall that faces the blade's outside surface

CUTTING INSTRUMENT APPLICATIONS

enamel hatchet It is a chisel similar in design to the ordinary hatchet excavator except that the blade is larger, heavier, and is beveled on only one side It has its cutting edges in a plane that is parallel with the axis of the handle.

CUTTING INSTRUMENT APPLICATIONS

enamel hatchet It is used for cutting enamel and comes as right or left types for use on opposite sides of the preparation.

CUTTING INSTRUMENT APPLICATIONS

gingival margin trimmer

Similar in design to enamel hatchet except the blade is curved. Right and left types: Right pair is for either a mesial or distal gingival margins.

Left pair is for a mesial or distal margins

CUTTING INSTRUMENT APPLICATIONS

gingival margin trimmer

CUTTING INSTRUMENT APPLICATIONS

gingival margin trimmer

When the second number in the formula is 90100, it is used for distal gingival margins. When this number is 75-85, the pair is used to bevel the mesial margins. 100 and 75 pairs for steep margins for inlay preparation while 90-85 for slight bevel in amalgam preparations.

CUTTING INSTRUMENT APPLICATIONS

gingival margin trimmer

Uses of GMT :
Beveling of the gingival margins of proximoocclusal preparations.

Beveling of the axiopulpal line angle.

CUTTING INSTRUMENT APPLICATIONS

gingival margin trimmer

Performing a gingival lock (reverse bevel), placed on the gingival seat. e.g. GMT 100 for the distal and GMT 75 for the mesial.

cutting instrument sharpening

The cutting edge of the hand instrument should always be kept sharp as dull instruments may cause: 1. Loss of control. 2. More pain. 3. Prolonged time for the operative procedure. 4. Reduce the quality and precision of tooth preparation.

cutting instrument sharpening

Stationary sharpening stone e.g. Arkansas stone, silicon carbide.

sharpening

Mechanical sharpener; moves at low speed while the instrument is held at the opposite angle and supported by a rest i.e. easier and less time consuming.

Mechanical sharpener

There are four grasps used with the hand instruments: Modified pen. Inverted pen. Palm and thumb. Modified palm and thumb. With each grasp proper rest and guard is important.

It is similar to that used in holding a pen except that the thumb, index and middle fingers contact the instrument while the tips of the ring and little fingers are placed on the working tooth as a rest.. The palm of the hand is facing away from the operator.

pen grasp

Modified pen grasp

If the hand is rotated so that the palm faces more toward the operator. If is used in the lingual and labial surfaces of anterior teeth.

inverted pen grasp

The handle of the instrument is placed on the palm of the hand and grasped by all the fingers while the thumb is free of the instrument and rest on the nearby tooth of the same arch.

Palm and thumb grasp

The same as in palm and thumb grasp but the thumb is rested on the tooth being prepared. Used in the upper arch.

Modified palm and thumb grasp

A proper instrument grasp must include a firm rest (support) to steady the hand during operative procedures.
The support may be gained from hard tissue. Soft tissue rest or too distant hard tissue rest does not afford a reliable control.

Indirect rest may be gained by using the index finger of the opposite hand to rest on the shank of the instrument.
The operating hand rests on the opposite hand which rests on stable oral structures.

Instrument guards

The use of interproximal wedges to protect soft tissues from contact with sharp rotary cutting instruments.

Cleaning and Sterilization

Cleaning and Sterilization

All instruments need to be cleaned and thoroughly dried before they are sterilized.

Cleaning
Hand Scrubbing Ultrasonic Cleaning Automated Washer

1-Hand Scrubbing
Advantages -Effective if performed properly Disadvantages -Increases chances for operator injury. -Increases spread of contamination through splatter. -Labor-intensive. -Need proper care of scrub brush

2-Ultrasonic Cleaning
Advantages -Safer than hand scrubbing. -Effectively cleans all instruments . Reduces chances for spread of contaminants through splatter. -Allows for more efficient use of staff time Disadvantages -Microorganisms may accumulate in cleaning solution. -Ultrasonic cleaning will not remove hardened Permanent cement. (Solution: remove cement while it is still soft.).

3-Automated Washer
Advantages -Safer than hand scrubbing. -Reduces chances for spread of contaminants of contaminants through splatter and aerosols. -Allows for more efficient use of staff time. -Effectively cleans instruments. Disadvantages -Not all instruments are compatible with automated washers. -Please see manufacturer's instructions for detailed requirements.

process by which an article, surface or medium is freed of all living microorganisms. -Most dental offices have a designated area for instrument reprocessing that is separate from the dental treatment room. This is ideal, since cleaning, sterilizing and storing instruments in the same room where the delivery of patient care is provided increases the risk of crosscontamination.

-Some instruments and materials are single use only. - Single-use items should be segregated in the operatory, and those that are sharp or otherwise pose a risk of injury must be discarded into a sharps container . -Items without risk, such as a saliva ejector, can be thrown into the trash. -To prevent accidental injury with the contaminated instruments, special handling should be used to transport the instruments to the cleaning and sterilization area.

-Although heavy-duty gloves (utility gloves) may feel more awkward than examination gloves, they provide extra protection while handling instruments during the cleaning, rinsing, drying, packaging and sorting procedures that take place during instrument reprocessing

utility gloves

Sterilization
Steam pressure sterilization (autoclave) Chemical vapor pressure sterilization (chemiclave) Dry heat sterilization (dryclave ) Ethylene oxide sterilization

-Sterilization with steam under pressure is performed in a steam autoclave . -For a light load of instruments, the time required at 250'F (121 C) is a minimum of 15 minutes at 15 lbs of pressure. -Time for wrapped instruments can be reduced to 7 minutes if the temperature is raised to approximately 273 F (134 C) to give30 pounds of pressure.

An example of a steam pressure sterilizer (autoclave)

Advantages of Autoclaves.
-Autoclaving is the most rapid and effective method for sterilizing cloth surgical packs and towel packs. -Automated models are available. -although they still can be misused or fail almost as often as nonautomated ones; they must be evaluated with a biologic spore test monitoring system.

Disadvantages of autoclaves -Items sensitive to the elevated temperature can not be autoclaved.

-Autoclaving tends to rust carbon steel instruments.

-Sterilization by chemical vapor under pressure is performed in a Chemiclave. -Chemical vapor pressure sterilizers operate at 270 F (131 C) and 20 pounds of pressure. -They are similar to steam sterilizers and have a cycle time of approximately half an hour.

Advantages of Chemiclaves. -Carbon steel and other corrosion-sensitive burs, instruments, and pliers are said to be sterilized without rust or corrosion. Disadvantages of Chemiclaves. - Items sensitive to the elevated temperature will be damaged. -Instruments must be lightly packaged in bags obtained from the sterilizer manufacturer. - Towels and heavy cloth wrappings of surgical instruments may not be penetrated to provide sterilization. - Routinely use biologic spore test monitoring strips to confirm heat penetration of heavy packs before use.

Chemical vapor pressure sterilizer (Chemiclave)

Is an excellent means of sterilization sharp instrument but rubber and plastic material can not be sterilized by this method . -Dry heat sterilizers for use in dental offices are available, but all that is necessary is an oven that will maintain a temperature of 160C(320F) -It imperative that all debris be removed from an instrument before it placed in a dry heat sterilizer . *Holding period : 160C(320F),1 hour .

Advantages of this method 1-is an excellent means of sterilization sharp instrument. 2-instrument not corrode or rust. Disadvantages 1-a lower temperature or a shorter period will not produce the desired result . 2-The higher temperature of a dry-heat sterilizer means that paper will scorch and plastic will melt. 3-some hand pieces can not be sterilized by this method

Cox rapid heat transfer dry heat sterilizer

-Ethylene oxide sterilization is the best method for sterilizing complex instruments and delicate materials. -ethylene oxide gas is toxic for all viruses and bacteria at room temperature on exposure for 8-10 hr at elevated temperature . -this method requires rather expensive equipment .

Room temperature ethylene oxide sterilizer

BOILING WATER *Boiling water does not kill spores and cannot sterilize instruments. However, heat can reach and kill blood borne pathogens in places that liquid sterilants and disinfectants used at room temperature cannot reach. *Boiling is a method of high-level disinfection that has been used when actual sterilization cannot be achieved (e.g., in case of a sterilizer breakdown)

**Various new methods of sterilization are under investigation and development. -The microwave oven has major limitations for sterilizing metal items, by either damaging the machine or not reaching all sides of the instruments.

microwave oven

-Ultraviolet light is not highly effective against

RNA viruses such as HIV and is not very effective against bacterial spores

Ultraviolet light

-Incomplete exposures of all surfaces and poor penetration of oil and debris are other limitations. - Ultraviolet irradiation may be useful for sanitizing room air to help control tuberculosis bacteria .

1-After the instrument are sterilized, they are placed in proper place in a dry condition . 2-The portions of dental cabinet designated for hand instrument contain grooved glass or metal trays. 3-These instrument containers must be kept in clean and aseptic condition. 4-hey should also contain protective medium for cutting edges of the instrument .

The purpose of this :

Sterilizing carbon steel instruments by any of (cold disinfection, boiling water, steam under pressure (autoclave) causes

discoloration, rust, and corrosion.

minimizing these problems are available. 1-electroplate the instrument. This affords protection, except on the blade, where use and sharpening remove the plating.

2- use of rust inhibitors, which are soluble alkaline compounds. 3-is to remove the instruments promptly at the end of the recommended sterilizing period, dry them thoroughly, and place them in the instrument cabinet or on the tray setup.

Non cutting instrument

Amalgam condenser
Mouth mirror others

It is a dental instrument used for compacting silver amalgam while in a plastic state, used for restoring teeth to a natural contour. Condensers come in single- and double-ended designs. They have various shaped and sized working ends, which may be smooth or serrated.

Various Amalgam condensers

mouth mirror or dentist's mirror is an instrument used in dentistry. The head of the mirror is usually round, and the most common sizes used are the No. 4 and No. 5. A No. 2 is sometimes used when a smaller mirror is needed, such as when working on back teeth with a dental dam in place.

its most important functions are: allowing indirect vision by the dentist . reflecting light onto desired surfaces. retraction of soft tissue.

A. Carvers. After the amalgam is condensed, it must then be carved to approximately the same original tooth structure. Carvers have sharp cutting edges that are used to shape, form, or cut tooth anatomy into amalgam restorations.

Carvers

B. Burnishers.
When the carving is complete, the dentist may use burnishers. used to smooth and polish the restoration. remove scratches left on the amalgam surface by a carving instrument.

Burnishers

C. disposable brush
used with etching and bonding procedures associated with composite resins is a disposable brush with a reusable handle. aiding in good infection control practices.

Disposable brush and handle.