IN THE NAME OF ALLAH THE BENEFICIENT, THE MERCIFUL

FAILURE OF QAYYUM AVENUE

GEOTECHNICAL CONSIDERATIONS IN DESIGN OF

PILE FOUNDATIONS

MS" SOIL MECHANICS # FOUNDATION ENGG 20042005

PRESENTATION DELIVERED TO:

PROFESSOR YAQOOB

PRESENTATION DELIVERED BY:

MUHAMMAD JAVED MUHAMMAD TARIQ USMAN ALI

2K4-SOIL-0 2K4-SOIL-0 2K4-SOIL- !

SEQUENCE OF PRESENTATION

INTRODUCTION TO PILE FOUNDATIONS CONDITIONS DICTATING USE OF PILES CLASSIFICATION OF PILES CLASSIFICATION BASED ON MATERIALS ESTIMATION OF PILE LENGTH GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATIONS

FAILURE OF QAYYUM AVENUE

SEQUENCE OF PRESENTATION

ESTIMATION OF PILE CAPACITY PILE LOAD TEST PILE GROUPS # BEARING CAPACITY OF PILE GROUPS

QUESTIONS $ ANS%ERS SESSION

FAILURE OF QAYYUM AVENUE

INTRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION
Piles are the col !"ar ele!e"ts i" the

#o "$atio"s %hich ha&e # "ctio" o# tra"s#erri"' loa$s #ro! s (er str ct re thro 'h %ee)

co!(ressi*le strata or thro 'h %ater o"to sti##e"e$ or !ore co!(act a"$ less

co!(ressi*le soils+

INTRODUCTION

The, !a, *e re- ire$ to carr, (li#t loa$s %he" se$ to s ((ort tall str ct res s *.ecte$ to o&ert r"i"' #orces #ro! %i"$ or %a&es+ Piles se$ i" !ari"e str ct res are s *.ecte$ to lateral loa$s #ro! the i!(act o# *erthi"' shi(s a"$ #ro! %a&es+

INTRODUCTION
Co!*i"atio"s o# &ertical a"$ hori/o"tal loa$s are carrie$ %here (iles are s ((ort retai"i"' %alls, se$ to s ((ort to *ri$'e (iers a"$

a* t!e"ts a"$ !achi"er, #o "$atio"s+

CONDITION0 DICTATIN1 U0E OF PILE0

%&'( )&' *++', -./0 012', 3-4 /&/5&02 ".6+,'--/70' 1(8 ).. 9'1: ). -*++.,) )&' 0.18 ),1(-6/))'8 72 )&' -*+',-),*")*,'; +/0'- 1,' *-'8 ). ),1(-6/) )&' 0.18 ).

*(8',02/(5 7'8 ,.": 1- -&.9( /( </5*,'=

CONDITION0 DICTATIN1 U0E OF PILE0

%&'( 7'8 ,.": /- (.) 0."1)'8 1) ,'1-.(170' 8'+)&; +/0'- 1,' *-'8 ). 5,18*1002 ),1(-6/) -),*")*,10 0.18 ). )&' -./0= T&' ,'-/-)1("' 0.18 /). )&'

1++0/'8

-),*")*,'

8',/>'8

61/(02 <,.6 )&' <,/")/.(10 ,'-/-)1("' 8'>'0.+'8 1) )&' -./0-+/0' /()',<1"' 1- -&.9( /( </5*,'

CONDITION0 DICTATIN1 U0E OF PILE0

2he" s *.ecte$ to hori/o"tal #orces, (iles

#o "$atio" ca" resist *, *e"$i"', %hile still s ((orti"' &ertical loa$s tra"s!itte$ is *, the

s (erstr ct re+

This

sit atio"

'e"erall,

e"co "tere$ i" the $esi'" a"$ co"str ctio" o# earth retai"i"' str ct res a"$ #o "$atio" o# tall

str ct res that are s *.ecte$ to hi'h %i"$ a"$ earth - a)e #orces

CONDITION0 DICTATIN1 U0E OF PILE0

In many cases, expensive and collapsible soils may be encountered at the site, the soil may extend to a great depth below the ground surface. Expansive soil swells and shrinks depending on increase or decrease of moisture content. The swelling pressure of such soils can be considerably high. Pile foundations are best alternate when piles are extended beyond the active zone, which undergo swelling and shrinking.

CONDITION0 DICTATIN1 U0E OF PILE0

F.*(81)/.(-*"& 1.< -*"& -),*")*,'-; ).9',.<

),1(-6/--/.(

.<<-&.,' +01)<.,6- 1(8 71-'6'() 61)- 7'0.9 )&' 91)', )170' 1,' -*7?'")'8 ). *+0/<)/(5 +,'--*,'=

P/0'- 1,' -.6')/6'- *-'8 <., )&'-' <.*(81)/.(- ). ,'-/-) )&' *+0/<)/(5 <.,"'-=

CONDITION0 DICTATIN1 U0E OF PILE0

B,/85' 17*)6'()- 1(8 +/',- 1,' .""1-/.(1002 ".(-),*")'8 .>',

+/0' <.*(81)/.(- ). 1>./8 )&' +.--/70' "1+1"/)2 <.*(81)/.( 0.-)&1) .< 1 7'1,/(5 -&100.9 -*<<',

6/5&)

7'"1*-' .< -./0 ',.-/.( 1) )&' 5,.*(8 -*,<1"'=

CLASSIFICATION OF PILES

CLASSIFICATION OF PILES
T&' B,/)/-& C.8' .< P,1")/"' <., F.*(81)/.(- 3BS @0044 +01"'- +/0'- /( )&,'' "1)'5.,/'-:

L1,5' D/-+01"'6'() P/0'S6100 D/-+01"'6'() P/0'R'+01"'6'() P/0'-

LARGE DISPLACEMENT PILES

These co!(rise soli$3sectio" (iles or hollo%3 sectio" (iles %ith close$ e"$, %hich are $ri&e" or .ac)e$ i" to the 'ro "$ a"$ th s $is(lace the soil+ All t,(es o# cast i" (lace a"$ $ri&e" (iles co!e i"to this cate'or,+

CATEGORIES OF LARGE DISPLACEMENT PILES 3DRIVEN TYPES4

Ti!*er 4Ro "$ or 0- are 0ectio"s, 5oi"te$ or Co"ti" o s6 Pre Cast Co"crete 40oli$ or T * lar 0ectio"s i" Co"ti" o s or 5oi"te$ U"its6 Pre 0tresse$ Co"crete 40oli$ or T * lar 0ectio"6 0teel T *e 4Dri&e" %ith Close$ E"$6 0teel Bo7 4Dri&e" %ith Close$ E"$6 Fl te$ a"$ Ta(ere$ 0teel T *e 5ac)e$3Do%" 0teel T *e %ith Close$ E"$ 5ac)e$ 8 Do%" 0oli$ Co"crete C,li"$er

CATEGORIES OF LARGE DISPLACEMENT PILES 3D,/>'( 1(8 C1-) /( P01"' T2+'-4

0teel T *e Dri&e" a"$ 2ith$ra%" a#ter Placi"' Co"crete

Pre Cast Co"crete shell #ille$ %ith co"crete Thi"3 %alle$ steel shell $ri&e" *, %ith$ra%3 a*le !a"$rel a"$ the" #ille$ %ith co"crete+

SMALL DISPLACEMENT PILES

These are also $ri&e" or .ac)e$ i"to the 'ro "$ * t ha&e a relati&el, s!all 73sectio"al area+ The, i"cl $e rolle$ sectio"s H3 or I3sectio"s a"$ (i(e or *o7 sectio"s $ri&e" %ith a" o(e" e"$ s ch that the soil e"ters the hollo% sectio"+ 2here these (ile t,(es (l ' %ith soil $ ri"' $ri&i"' the, *eco!e lar'e $is(lace!e"t (iles+

CATEGORIES OF SMALL DISPLACEMENT PILES

Pre cast co"crete 4t * lar sectio" $ri&e" 2ith o(e" e"$6 Pre stresse$ co"crete 4t * lar sectio" $ri&e" %ith o(e" e"$6 0teel H3 sectio" 0teel t *e sectio" 4Dri&e" %ith o(e" e"$ a"$ soil re!o&e$ as re- ire$6 0teel *o7 sectio" 4Dri&e" %ith o(e" e"$ a"$ soil re!o&e$ as re- ire$6

REPLACEMENT PILES
T&'-' 1,' <.,6'8 72 </,-) ,'6.>/(5 )&' -./0 72 7.,/(5 *-/(5 1 9/8' ,1(5' .< 8,/00/(5 )'"&(/A*'-= C.(",')' 612 7' +01"'8 /(). 1( *(0/('8 ., 0/('8 &.0' ., )&' 0/(/(5 612 7' 9/)&8,19( 1- )&' ".(",')' 8/-+01"'= P,' <.,6'8 '0'6'()- .< )/67',; ".(",')' ., -)''0 612 7' +01"'8 /( 8,/00'8 &.0'-=

CATEGORIES OF REPLACEMENT PILES

C.(",')' +01"'8 /( &.0' 8,/00'8 72 ,.)1).,2 1*5',; 710/(5; 5,177/(5; 1/,0/<) ., ,'>',-'8 "/,"*01)/.( 6')&.8 37.,'8 1( "1-) /( +01"'4 T*7'- +01"'8 /( &.0'- 8,/00'8 1- 17.>' 1(8 </00'8 9/)& ".(",')' 1- ('"'--1,2 P,'"1-) ".(",')' *(/)- +01"'8 /( 8,/00'8 &.0'C'6'() 6.,)1, ., ".(",')' /(?'")'8

COMPOSITE PILES
C.6+.-/)' ".(-),*")/.( 612 7' <.*(8 72 ".67/(/(5 *(/)- /( '1"& .< 17.>' "1)'5.,/'- ., 72 18.+)/(5 ".67/(1)/.( .< +/0'- /( 6.,' )&1( .(' "1)'5.,2=

COMPOSITE PILES
T&*- ".6+.-/)' +/0'- 1,' 8/-+01"'6'() )2+' "1( 7' <.,6'8 72 ?./()/(5 1 )/67', -'")/.( ). 1 +,'"1-) ".(",')' -'")/.( ., +,'"1-) ".(",')' +/0'- "1( &1>' 1 H--'")/.( ?./()'8 ). /)- 0.9', 'B),'6/)2=

COMPOSITE PILES
C.6+.-/)' +/0'- ".(-/-)/(5 .< 6.,' )&1( .(' )2+' "1( 7' <.*(8 72 8,/>/(5 1 -)''0 ., +,'"1-) ".(",')' *(/) 1) )&' 71-' .< 1 8,/00'8 &.0' ., 72 8,/>/(5 1 )*7' 1(8 )&'( 8,/00/(5 .*) )&' -./0 1(8 'B)'(8/(5 )&' 7.,' ). <.,6 1 7.,'8 1(8 "1-)-/(-+01"' +/0'=

CLASSIFICATION OF PILES %=R=T= MATERIAL

0TEEL PILE0
The steel (iles se$ are either (i(e (iles or rolle$ steel H3 or I30ectio" (iles+ H30ectio" (iles are s all, (re#erre$ *eca se

their %e* a"$ #la"'e thic)"ess are e- al+ I" %i$e #la"'e a"$ I3sectio" *ea!s the %e* thic)"esses are s!aller tha" the thic)"esses o# the #la"'e+

0TEEL PILE0
The allowable design load for steel piles may be given as Q all 9 A0 : all !here A0 : 9 9 ;3sectio"al Area o# the steel Allo%a*le stress

all

0TANDARD H30EC0 IN U0E

DESIG=
HP 200 B 0=52 HP 250 B 0=@!4 0=D0@ B

DEPTH 38 664
204 254 24D ! 2 !0@ !0! 299 !!4 !29

AREA 362 C 0!4

D=@4 0=@ @=0 5=9 4= =9 0=0 9=0 D=5

THICKNESS 39-664
=! 4=4 0=D E=5 5=49 != =05 9=45 D=9

%IDTH 3824
20E 2D0 25D ! 2 ! 0 !0@ !0D !!5 !!!

HP ! 0 B =22D =0E9 0=9 2 0=EE5 B B B

HP !!0 B =4D2 B =2D4 B

0TEEL PILE0
"ased on geotechnical considerations, once the design load for a pile is fixed, it is advisable to check if # $design% is within range. The steel piles can be spliced by welding or riveting. the allowable

0TEEL PILE0
!hen hard driving conditions are expected, the steel piles can be fitted with deriving points or shoes. &teel piles may be sub'ected to corrosion. In order to take in to account the effect of corrosion an additional thickness of steel is generally recommended, (actory applied epoxy coatings on piles works satisfactorily against corrosion.

CONCRETE PILE0
)oncrete piles can be divided categories *% +% Precast Piles )ast,in,&itu Piles into two

CONCRETE PILE0 4PRECA0T6

Precast piles can be prepared by using ordinary reinforcement and they can be s-uare and octagonal in cross section as shown in the figure. The reinforcement in the pile is provided to enable the pile to resist the bending moment developed during pick up and transportation, the vertical load and the bending moment caused by the lateral loads.

CONCRETE PILE0 4CA0T3IN30ITU6

)ast,in,&itu piles are built by making a hole in the ground and then filling it with concrete. These piles can be divided into two broad categories I% II% )ased .ncased

CONCRETE PILE0 4CA0T3IN30ITU6

I% Case$

)ased piles are made by driving a steel casing into the ground with the help of a mandrel placed inside the casing. /fter reaching the re-uired length, the mandrel is with drawn and the casing is filled with concrete.

CONCRETE PILE0 4CA0T3IN30ITU6

)/&E0 PI1E&

POPULAR CASED PILES

NAME OF PILE
R126.(8 S)'+)1+', M.(.)*7' ., *(/.( 6')10 %'-)',( "1-'8 S'160'-- +/+' ., A,6". F,1(:/ "1-'8 +'8'-)10 %'-)',( *("1-'8 9$. +'8'-)10 F,1(:/ *("1-'8 +'8'-)10

TYPE OF CASING
C.,,*51)'8; )&/( "20/(8,/"10 "1-/(5 T&/( <0*)'8; )1+','8 -)''0 "1-/(5 8,/>'( 9$. 61(8,'0 T&/( -&'') "1-/(5 S),1/5&) -)''0 +/+' "1-/(5 T&/( -&'') "1-/(5

MAF DEPTH OF PILE 364

!0 40 !0-40 50 !0-40 5-20 !0-40

CONCRETE PILE0 4CA0T3IN30ITU6 II% U"case$

The uncased piles are made by first driving the casing to the desired depth and then filling it with fresh concrete. The casing is gradually with drawn in steps.

CONCRETE PILE0
The allo%a*le loa$ #or cast3i"3(lace co"crete (iles !a, *e 'i&e" as #ollo%i"'< CA0ED PILE0< !here,

Q all
As Ac #s #c

9
9 2 2 2

As #s = Ac #c
/rea of x,section of steel. /rea of x,section of concrete. /llowable stress of steel /llowable stress of concrete

UNCA0ED PILE0<

Q all

Ac #c

TIMBER PILE0
Ti!*er (iles are trees tr ")s that ha&e their *ra"ches care# ll, tri!!e$ o##+ The !a7i! ! le"'th o# !ost ti!*er (iles is >? to @? !+ I" or$er to - ali#, #or se as a (ile, the ti!*er sho l$ *e strai'ht, so "$, a"$ %ith o t a", $e#ects+ Pile ti(s sho l$ "ot ha&e a $ia!eter less tha" >A?!!+ The (iles ca(acit, is li!ite$ to @A3B? to"s as these (iles ca""ot %ithsta"$ har$ $ri&i"' stress+

TIMBER PILE0
The allowable load carrying capacity of wooden piles may be given as Q all 9 !here, A( #% 9 2 /verage area of x,section of pile /llowable stress for the timber A( #%

ESTIMATION OF PILE LENGTH

ESTIMATION OF PILE LENGTH

0electi"' the t,(e o# (ile to *e se$ a"$ esti!ati"' its "ecessar, le"'th is #airl, a $i##ic lt tas) that re- ires a 'oo$ . $'!e"t+ Piles ca" *e $i&i$e$ i"to three !a.or cate'ories $e(e"$i"' o" their le"'th a"$ !echa"is! o# loa$ tra"s#er to the soil+ POINT BEARIN1 PILE0 FRICTION PILE0 COMPACTION PILE0

POINT BEARING PILES

I# *e$ roc) or roc)3li)e !aterial is locate$ at a 'i&e" site %ith i" a reaso"a*le $e(th that has *ee" %ell esta*lishe$ *, soil3*ori"' recor$s, (ile ca" e7te"$e$ to the roc) la,er+ I" this case, the !aterial+ I" !ost o# the cases, the "ecessar, le"'th o# the (ile ca" *e #airl, %ell esta*lishe$+ lti!ate ca(acit, o# the (iles e"tirel, $e(e"$s o" the loa$3*eari"' ca(acit, o# the #ir! *e

POINT BEARING PILES

I"stea$ o# *e$roc), i# a #airl, co!(act a"$ har$ strat ! o# soil is locate$ at a reaso"a*le $e(th, (iles ca" *e e7te"$e$ a #e% !eters i"to the har$ strat !+ For these t,(es o# (iles, the lti!ate (ile loa$ ca" *e e7(resse$ as< Q 2here Q( Qs 9 Q( = Qs

9 9

Loa$ carrie$ at Pile (oi"t Loa$ carrie$ *, 0)i" Frictio"

FRICTION PILES
2he" there is "o la,er o# roc) or roc)3 li)e !aterial locate$ at a reaso"a*le $e(th, (oi"t *eari"' (iles *eco!es &er, lo"' a"$ "eco"o!ical+ For this t,(e o# s *soil co"$itio", (iles are $ri&e" thro 'h the so#ter !aterial to s(eci#ie$ $e(ths+ These (iles are calle$ #rictio" (iles *eca se !ost o# the resista"ce is $eri&e$ #ro! s)i" #rictio"+ I" cla,e, soils, the resista"ce to a((lie$ loa$ is also ca se$ *, a$hesio"+

FRICTION PILES
The le"'th o# #rictio" (iles $e(e"$s o" the shear stre"'th o# the soil, the a((lie$ loa$, a"$ the (ile si/e+ The lti!ate loa$ ca" *e e7(resse$ as< Q 9 Q( = Qs Ho%e&er i# &al e o# CQ(D is s!all, the" 2here Q 9 Qs Qs 9 Loa$ carrie$ *, 0)i" Frictio"

COMPACTION PILES
These (iles are $ri&e" i" 'ra" lar soils to achie&e (ro(er co!(actio" o# soil close to the 'ro "$ s r#ace+ The le"'th o# co!(actio" (iles $e(e"$s o" #actors s ch as< Relati&e $e"sit, o# soil *e#ore co!(actio" Desire$ relati&e $e"sit, o# soil a#ter co!(actio" Re- ire$ $e(th o# co!(actio"+ These (iles are 'e"erall, short< ho%e&er, so!e #iel$ tests are "ecessar, to arri&e at a reaso"a*le #i' re+

COMPARISON OF PILES MADE BY DIFFERENT MATERIALS %=R=T LENGTH # LOAD

PILE TYPE
S)''0

U-*10 L'(5)& .< P/0' 364

5-D0 P,'"1-) 0- 5 P,'-),'--'8 0-!!

M1B L'(5)&
P,1")/"1002 *(0/6/)'8 P,'"1-) !0 P,'-),'--'8 D0

A++,.B M1B L.18 KN

!00- 200 P,'"1-) @00900 P,'-),'--'8 E500-@500 @00

P,'"1-) C.(",')' C1-'8 C1-) /( +01"' C.(",')' U("1-'8 C1-) /( +01"' C.(",')' 9..8

5- 5

5-40

5- 5 0- 5

!0-40 !0

E00 2E0

GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATIONS

1ENERAL
The i!(orta"ce o# a thro 'h site i"&esti'atio" as a" esse"tial (reli!i"ar, to the (ili"' o(eratio"s ca""ot *e o&er3e!(hasi/e$+ Beca se o# the (rese"t "certai"t, co"cer"i"' the lti!ate relatio"shi(s *E% the si!(le (ara!eters o# sheari"' resista"ce a"$ $e"sit, o# soils a"$ the carr,i"' ca(acit,, the assess!e"t o# allo%a*le loa$s is still lar'el, a !atter o# e7(erie"ce$ . $'!e"t+ Detaile$ $escri(tio"s o# the 'ro "$ co"$itio"s are also esse"tial i# the (ili"' co"tractor is to select the !ost a((ro(riate e- i(!e"t #or the (ile i"stallatio"+

PLANNIN1 THE INVE0TI1ATION0

The (la""i"' o# a site i"&esti'atio" #or Pili"' %or)s is esse"tiall, si!ilar to that #or shallo% #o "$atio"s, a(art #ro! the o*&io s re- ire!e"t #or 'rater $e(th o# e7(loratio"+ The #irst sta'e i" (la""i"' a site i"&esti'atio" co!(rises a $es) st $,+ The seco"$ sho l$ i"cl $e a site i"s(ectio" i" or$er to co"#or! the $ata collete$ $ ri"' the $es) st $, a"$ to !a)e as !a", a$$itio"al (reli!i"ar, i"&esti'atio"s as (ossi*le+

PLANNIN1 THE INVE0TI1ATION0

The e7(lorator, %or) sho l$ (ro&i$e s ##icie"t i"#or!atio" to (er!it $ecisio"s co"cer"i"' the t,(e o# #o "$atio"s, as %ell the act al $esi'" to *e !a$e+ The !a.or re- ire!e"t o# the i"&esti'atio" i" ter!s o# the $esi'" is to (ro&i$e co!(rehe"si&e i"#or!atio" o&er the # l $e(th o# the (ro(ose$ #o "$atio" a"$ %ell *elo% a", (ossi*le (ile toe le&el+ A((raisal o# the 'ro "$%ater co"$itio"s, i"cl $i"' its occ rre"ce a"$ res(o"se $ ri"' (ili"' o(eratio"s+

PLANNIN1 THE INVE0TI1ATION0

Other s(eci#ic as(ects o# the i"&esti'atio" !a, i"cl $e !atters s ch as the seis!ic ris) o# the area, a''ressi&e soil co"$itio"s a"$ the (ossi*ilit, o# a- i#er (oll tio" i# (iles are to (e"etrate co"ta!i"ate$ 'ro "$+ Acce(ta*le le&els o# "oise #or the area sho l$ also *e co"si$ere$+ 2ater s ((lies, the #acilities #or %aste $is(osal a"$ site $rai"a'e is rele&a"t si"ce the i"stallatio" o# $ee( #o "$atio"s ca" (ro$ ce lar'e - a"tities o# s(oil a"$ sl rries+

DEPTH DEPTH OF OF E;PLORATION E;PLORATION

The e7te"t o# e7(loratio" is "ot li!ite$ solel, *, the /o"e o# i"#l e"ce *, the loa$e$ (iles, * t is li!ite$ o" other #actors , 'ro "$%ater or re'i!e, hi'hl, hetero'e"eo s soil co"$itio"s the e##ects o# (ili"' o" DEPTH0 BELO2 FOUNDATION a$.ace"t str ct res+ The /o"e o# i"#l e"ce is a 'oo$ starti"' (oi"t, si"ce it - ali#ies to so!e $e'ree the lateral a"$ &ertical e7te"t o# the stresse$ /o"e+ For isolate$ (ile 'ro (s "$er a si"'le col !" #or i"sta"ce6, the stress /o"e *ase$ o" the s(rea$ o# loa$ co"ce(t is relati&el, ! ch shallo%er as sho%"+ DEPTH0 BELO2 BA0E OF PILE0

BE@

B ?+AQ >+AB @+? B

B >+AB @+? B ?+@AQ

C L

DEPTH DEPTH OF OF E;PLORATION E;PLORATION

A si"'le (ro&i"' *ore hole sho l$ *e ta)e" i" this case to a $e(th i" access o# @T+ I" or$er to e"s re that C( "chi"'F thro 'h a relati&el, stro"' strat ! i"to a %ea)er strat ! ca" "ot occ r+ Roc) *eari"' strat ! at the ti( o# e"$ *eari"' (iles sho l$ *e a$e- atel, (artic larl,
DEPTH0 BELO2 BA0E OF PILE0

BE@

DEPTH0 BELO2 FOUNDATION

B ?+AQ >+AB @+? B

i"&esti'ate$

B >+AB @+? B ?+@AQ

%here hea&, col !" loa$s are to *e tra"s!itte$ to si"'le or s!all 'ro (s o# hi'hl, loa$e$ (iles+

C L

DEPTH DEPTHOF OFE;PLORATION E;PLORATIONG G 1ROUND 1ROUND2ATER 2ATERCONDITION0 CONDITION0

2here (iles are to *e #o "$e$ i" a *eari"' strat ! o# li!ite$ thic)"ess, a lar'e " !*er o# *oresE(ro*i"' are i!(lie$ (ossi*l, s(ace$ o" a close$ 'ri$+ I" 'ro "$ co"$itio"s %hich are )"o%" to *e o# hetero'e"eo s "at re a - ali#ie$ 'eolo'ist sho l$ *e i"&ol&e$ %ith the %or) #ro! a" earl, sta'e+ The i"&esti'atio" o# 'ro "$ %ater co"$itio"s is (erti"e"t as it !a, i"#l e"ce the choice o# (ile t,(e a"$ rate o# %ater i"#lo% that !a, occ r $ ri"' the i"stallatio" o# co"&e"tio"al *ore$ (ile+ O*ser&atio" o# the i"'ress o# %ater i"cl $i"' the le&el at %hich %ater see(s a"$ collects sho l$ *e !a$e a"$ "ote$+ The hea$s o# %ater recor$e$ *, o*ser&atio" i" *ore holes or !eas re!e"t o# le&els i" (ie/o!eters !a, *e s *.ecte$ to seaso"al &ariatio"s a"$ i$eall, !eas re!e"ts sho l$ *e collecte$ o&er a (erio$ o# !o"ths %here the le&els are collecte$+ Che!ical attac) o# steel or co"crete (iles !a, occ r $ e to $issol&e$ salts i" aci$ic %ater s ch co"$itio"s sho l$ *e a$e- atel, i"&esti'ate$+ Che!ical tests o" soil sa!(les sho l$ also *e carrie$ o t to 'i&e a$$itio"al i"&esti'atio"+

TYPICAL IN-SITU TESTS # THEIR APPLICATION TO PILE DESIGN

IN-SITU TESTS

APPLICATION TO PILE DESIGN

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

VANE TEST

STANDARD PENETRATION TEST 3SPT4

STATIC CONE TEST

TYPICAL IN-SITU TESTS # THEIR APPLICATION TO PILE DESIGN

IN-SITU TESTS
MENARD PRESSUREMETE R STRESSPROBE PRESSUREMETE R CAMKOMETER PLATE BEARING TEST SIMPLE PERMEABILITY TEST

APPLICATION TO PILE DESIGN

E-)/61)'- .< 6.8*0*- .< -./0 <., +.--/70' 1++0/"1)/.( /( +/0' 8'-/5(; '-)/61)'- .< -&'1, -),'(5)& /( 9'': ,.":-= G/>' )&' 6'1-*,' .< *(8,1/('8 -&'1, -),'(5)& .< -)/<< "012- 1(8 -+'"/1002 8'>'0.+'8 <., .>', 91)', *-'= D')',6/(1)/.( .< -&'1, -),'(5)& +1,16')',- /( "012-; -/0)- 1(8 -1(8-= S&'1, 6.8*0*-; 01)',10 -),'-- 1(8 +.,' 91)', +,'--*,' "1( 7' 6'1-*,'8= G/>' -&'1, -),'(5)& 1(8 6.8*0*- .< -./0-= D')',6/(1)/.( .< <0.9 /( +',6'170' 5,1>'0- 1(8 </--*,'8 ,.":-=

ESTIMATION OF PILE CAPACITY

E0TIMATION E0TIMATION OF OF PILE PILE CAPACITY CAPACITY

The lti!ate loa$ carr,i"' Q ca(acit, o# a (ile ca" *e 'i&e" *, a si!(le e- atio" as the s ! o# the loa$ carrie$ at the (ile (oi"t (l s the total #rictio"al resista"ce 40)i" Frictio"6 $eri&e$ #ro! soil3(ile D -D L 9 L* Qs

i"ter#ace as sho%" i" #i'+ i+e+, Q(

Q 9 Q( = Qs

L 9 le"'th o# e!*e$!e"t L* 9 le"'th o# e!*e$!e"t i" *eari"' strat !

POINT BEARING CAPACITY; Q+:

ESTIMATION OF PILE CAPACITY

lti!ate *eari"'

Accor$i"' to Ter/a'hiDs E- atio", the e- atio" #or ca(acit, is 'i&e" *, the e- 4i" 'e"eral6<

qu

cNc* + qNq* + BN*

2here< Nc* , Nq* , N* are the *eari"' ca(acit, #actors that i"cl $e the "ecessar, sha(e #actors a"$ $e(th #actors+ Pile #o "$atio"s are $ee(, ho%e&er, the lti!ate resista"ce (er "it area at the (ile ti( 4qp6 ca" *e e7(resse$ *, a si!ilar e- atio", altho 'h the &al es o# Nc* , Nq* , N* %ill cha"'e+ 0 *stit ti"' %i$th o# (ile as CDD a"$ re%riti"'<

qu = qp = qu = qp =

cNc* + qNq* + DN*

ca" *e $ro((e$, th s<

As the %i$th o# Pile is s!all, the ter!

cNc* + qNq*

Note that the ter! - has *ee" re(lace$ *, -D to si'"i#, e##ecti&e &ertical stress+

POINT BEARING CAPACITY; Q+:

ESTIMATION OF PILE CAPACITY

He"ce the (oi"t *eari"' o# Piles ca" *e e7(resse$ as<

Qp = Apqp =
2here< Ap = Area of Pile tip. c

Ap (cNc* + qNq*)

= Cohesio of the soil supporti ! pile tip

qp = " it poi t resista ce q = effecti#e #ertical stress at the le#el of pilt tip. Nc*, Nq* = the $eari ! capacit% factors There are se&eral !etho$s #or $eter!i"atio" o# *eari"' ca(acit, !etho$s li)e Co,le G CastilloDs !etho$, Me,erho#Ds !etho$ a"$ VesicDs Metho$+ The !ostl, se$ !etho$, &e%erhofs &etho' is $isc sse$ here+

POINT BEARING CAPACITY

MEYERHOFHMETHOD
Me,erho# has reco!!e"$e$ the #ollo%i"' (roce$ re #or esti!atio" o# (oi"t *eari"' ca(acit, o# a (ile i" 'ra" lar soil+ For sa"$s, si"ce c 9 ?, so the e- atio" !a, *e %ritte" asH

Qp = Apqp = Ap qNq*
Deter!i"e the soil #rictio" a"'le, (. Deter!i"e the )$*D ratio #or the Pile+ O*tai" 4)$*Dcr6 #ro! 1ra(h+ Deter!i"e the a((ro(riate &al e o# Nq* #ro! the sa!e 'ra(h corres(o"$i"' to the 'i&e" )$*D as o*tai"e$ i" the a*o&e ste(+ Use the &al e o# Nq* to calc late Qp as<

Qp = Apqp = Ap qNq* + Ap q,
The li!iti"' stress ca" *e 'i&e" as<

q, (-N*./) = 01 Nq*ta

E0TIMATION E0TIMATION OF OF PILE PILE CAPACITY CAPACITY

Design Example
A (restresse$ co"crete (ile is >@! lo"', $ri&e" i"to ho!o'e"o s sa"$ la,er+ Pile is s- are i" 73sectio" a"$ ha&i"' si$e B?A!!, Dr, U"it 2t o# sa"$ is >I+J )NEM B a"$ 0oil #rictio" a"'le is BAo+ A&' 0ta"$ar$ Pe"etratio" resista"ce "ear the (ile ti( is >I+ Calc late the Ulti!ate (oi"t loa$ o" the (ile *, si"' Ma,erhho#Ds !etho$+

E0TIMATION E0TIMATION OF OF PILE PILE CAPACITY CAPACITY

SOLUTION
B'"1*-' I)H- 1 &.6.5'(.*- -./0; -.; L7 I L F.,

I !5.; 3B2 )&' &'0+ .< G,1+&4

cr

3Lb/D4

3L/D4cr I 3Lb/D4
I

0 !9=!4 J

F., )&/- P/0'; 3L/D4cr

G') >10*' .< Nq* as 1 !" T#$s %p & Apqp & Ap q'Nq*

%p & (!"!) )*( !1"+*(1 !*

E0TIMATION E0TIMATION OF OF PILE PILE CAPACITY CAPACITY

SOLUTION
No2 q, (-N*./) = 01 Nq*ta q, q, As Qp = Apq, Qp = (1.15/5)(4/1,) Qp = 351.3 6N + Ap q'Nq* T#ere/0re1 Qp = 351.3 6N
(

= (01)(,/1)(ta 30) = 4/1,./0 -N*./

FRICTIONAL$SKIN RESISTANCE; QS
The #rictio"al or s)i" resista"ce o# (ile ca" *e e7(resse$ as<

Qs = 7p 8) 9
2here<

p 9 (eri!eter o# (ile sectio" 8) 9 (ile le"'th K 9 "it #rictio" resista"ce at $e(th /

The "it #rictio"al resista"ce i" sa"$s ca" *e e7(resse$ as<

9 = 6:c ta ;
2here<

6 9 Earth (ress :c ;

re coe##icie"t

9 e##ecti&e &ertical stress at the $e(th "$er co"si$eratio" 9 0oil3Pile #rictio" a"'le

FRICTIONAL$SKIN RESISTANCE; QS
The &al e o# 6 &aries %ith $e(th+ It is a((ro7 e- al to the Ra")i"e (assi&e earth (ress re coe##icie"t at the to( o# (ile a"$ !a, *e less tha" the at3 rest earth (ress re at the (ile ti(+ Also the e##ecti&e &ertical stress i"creases %ith (ile $e(th ( to a !a7 li!it at a $e(th o# >A3@? (ile $ia!eters a"$ re!ai"s co"sta"t therea#ter+ a co"ser&ati&e esti!ate %o l$ *e to ass !e<

) = ,0D

E0TIMATION E0TIMATION OF OF PILE PILE CAPACITY CAPACITY

Fric2i0nal 0r s.in resis2ance in cla3s1
There are se&eral !etho$s (rese"tl, a&aila*le to o*tai" "it #rictio"al resista"ce i" cla,s+ 0o!e o# the (rese"tl, acce(te$ (roce$ res are liste$ as "$er+

L Metho$

LMN Metho$ LON Metho$

E0TIMATION E0TIMATION OF OF PILE PILE CAPACITY CAPACITY

Design Example
Re#er to the (ile 'i&e" i" the (re&io s e7a!(le, si"'

the sa!e $ata, $eter!i"e the total #rictio"al resista"ce o# the (ile, si"', 6 ; 9 = >+P 1.< (

E0TIMATION E0TIMATION OF OF PILE PILE CAPACITY CAPACITY

SOLUTION
T&' *(/) <,/")/.(10 ,'-/-)1("' /- 5/>'( 72 )&' 'A(: 9 = 6:c ta ; Also ) = ,0D
Vertical e##ecti&e stress, ;#
QI+JI)NE!@

>AD

No2= >or Depth = 1 to ,0D,= :c = ? @ A (-N*./) >or Depth, A B,0D,= :c = ? @ (,0D) (-N*./) = ,<.C @ (,0 @ 1.310)
De(th

E0TIMATION E0TIMATION OF OF PILE PILE CAPACITY CAPACITY

SOLUTION
F,/")/.(10 ,'-/-)1("' <,.6 4 & ! 20 15D Qs = p 8) 9a#, 9a# = 6:c ta ; = (4*1.310),0D ,.4*D<.C< ta (1.<*30) / = ,,0./< 6N >rictio al resista ce fro. A = ,0 D to ,/ . QE = p ( )F) ) 9a# = (4*1.310)(,/F1.0D0)(,.4)(D<.C<)ta (1.<*30) = 3D4., 6N

ALLO%ABLE PILE CAPACITY

O("' )&' ).)10 U0)/61)' 0.18-"1,,2/(5 "1+1"/)2 /-

8')',6/('8 72 -*66/(5 )&' +./() 7'1,/(5 "1+1"/)2 1(8 )&' <,/")/.(10 3S:/(4 ,'-/-)1("'; 1 ,'1-.(170' <1")., .< -1<')2 -&.*08 7' *-'8 ). .7)1/( )&' ).)10 100.9170' 0.18 <., '1"& +/0'; .,:

%
%&',': %all +/0'= FS

all

&

%$ / FS

I A00.9170' 0.18 "1,,2/(5 "1+1"/)2 <., '1"&

I F1")., .< -1<')2

T&' F1")., .< S1<')2 *-'8 ,1(5'- <,.6 2=5 K 4; 8'+'(8/(5

E0TIMATION E0TIMATION OF OF PILE PILE CAPACITY CAPACITY

Design Example
Re#er to the e7a!(le (ro*le!s, esti!ate the loa$ #or the (iles, si"' a #actor o# sa#et, o# CBD+ S0l$2i0n1 %U&%P6%S %U& 7)!6,)! & 88! 9N %
all

lti!ate

& %S / FS & 88!/7 & )7"77

PILE LOAD TEST

PILE LOAD TEST

Fi' sho%s a sche!atic $ia'ra! o# the Pile Loa$ test arra"'e!e"t i" the #iel$+ This arra"'e!e"t is #or testi"' i" A7ial Co!(ressio"+ The loa$ to the Pile is aa((lie$ *, a H,$ra lic 5ac)+
TE0T PILE HYDR 5ACR BEAM

SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF PILE LOAD TEST ARRANGEMENT

PILE LOAD TEST

I" !ost lar'e Pro.ects, a s(eci#ie$ " !*er o# Pile Loa$ Tests ! st *e co"$ cte$ o" Piles+ This is (ri!aril, *eca se o# the (re$ictio" !etho$+ Vertical a"$ Lateral Loa$ *eari"' Ca(acit, ca" *e teste$ i" the #iel$+ 0te( loa$s are a((lie$ to the (iles a"$ s ##icie"t ti!e is allo%e$ to ela(se a#ter each ste( loa$ so that the settle!e"t rate reaches a s!all &al e+ "relia*ilit, o#

PILE LOAD TEST

The settle!e"t o# the (ile is recor$e$ *, !ea"s o# Dial 1a 'es+ The a!o "t o# loa$ a((lie$ #or each ste( %ill &er, $e(e"$i"' o" local * il$i"' co$es, !ost * il$i"' co$es re- ire that each ste( loa$ *e a*o t >EPth o# the (ro(ose$ %or)i"' loa$+ A#ter reachi"' the $esire$ (ile loa$, the (ile is 'ra$ all, "loa$e$+

13/0, # #* &t $*% &t $+% 13/0I45 &e $*% .413/0I45 #+

Fi' sho%s the loa$ settle!e"t #or c r&es a"$

loa$i"'

PLOT OF LOAD Vs TOTAL SETTLEMENT

&ETT1E6E4T

"loa$i"'+ For a", 'i&e" loa$ CQD, &e $+% "et (ile

settle!e"t ca" *e %ritte" as<

2here< 0 4Net6 9 Net 0ettle!e"t 0e 0t 9 Elastic 0ettle!e"t 9Total settle!e"t

72he" Q 9 Q>,

0 "et4>690 t4>630e4>6

72he" Q 9 Q@,

0 "et4@690 t4@630e4@6

The &al es o# CQD ca" *e (lotte$ i" a 13/0, # 'ra(h a'ai"st the corres(o"$i"' "et settle!e"t 40 "et6+ The Ulti!ate Loa$ #u #u o" ca" *e #ro! $eter!i"e$ this 'ra(h+ 0ettle!e"t o# the * + Pile !a, i"crease %ith loa$ certai" loa$ PLOT OF LOAD Vs NET SETTLEMENT c r&e &ertical+ 3 (to a (oi"t settle!e"t *eco!es

4ET &ETT1E6E4T

*e,o"$ %hich the

The 13/0, #

corres(o"$i"'

loa$ is calle$ Ulti!ate Loa$ CQ D sho%" i" c r&e3>+ I" #u #u is o# * + !a", cases, the

4ET &ETT1E6E4T

later sta'e o# the c r&e al!ost settle!e"t li"ear, #or a o# sho%i"' a lar'e $e'ree s!all i"cre!e"t

loa$ as i" c r&e3@+ Ulti!ate loa$ #or s ch case is $eter!i"e$ #ro! the (oi"t %here

PLOT OF LOAD Vs NET SETTLEMENT

the stee( li"ear c r&e starts+

GROUP ACTION OF PILES

GROUP ACTION OF PILES

A cluster of piles, connected

together at top either by a beam or a slab (generally named as a pile cap) is known as Pile Group.

TYPES OF PILE GROUPS

There are two different types of Pile Groups:

FREE-STANDING PILE GR !PS PILED F !NDATI NS

FREE STANDING PILE GROUP

In this type the pile "ap stands "learly a#o$e the %round le$el& This type of %roup piles are used in situations li'e : In e(pansi$e soils to pre$ent the swellin% pressure fro) a"tin% on the pile "ap& *here soil #elow and around the pile "ap is s"oura#le #y water "ontent

FREE STANDING PILE GROUP

PILED FOUNDATION

I) 612 7' +1,)02 ., ".6+0')'02 7*,/'8 7'0.9 )&' 5,.*(8 0'>'0

BRITI0H CODE OF PRACTICE @??P<>SQ@

LEN1TH OF PILE

SPACING OF PILES IN PILE GROUP

MINIMUM PILE 0PACIN1 FOR
Frictio" (iles i" sa"$ BD PD AD Frictio" (ile i" cla, PD AD ID Poi"t *eari"' (iles BD PD AD

Less tha" >@ ! >@ To @P ! More tha" @P !

CDD is the (ile $ia!eter or lar'est si$e+ Pile s(aci"' is !eas re$ at (ile c t3 o## le&el, "less ra)i"' (iles are se$, i" %hich case the s(aci"' is !eas re$ at B ! *elo% c t3o## le&el

BEARING CAPACITY OF PILE GROUP

SECTION VIE%

PLAN VIE%

BEARING CAPACITY OF PILE GROUP Number of Piles in group = n ! n" Also #g $ %g #g = (n & )d ' "(()") %g= (n"& )d ' "(()")

BEARING CAPACITY OF PILE GROUP

F0r Piles in San:: Q53*4 I 23( L(2-248 L 4D P( (2
%&',': Q53*4I U0)/61)' B=C .< +/0' 5,.*+ D P I P/0' 8/16')', ., 01,5'-) -/8' I P',/6')', .< )&' B--'")/.( .<

M Q*

BEARING CAPACITY OF PILE GROUP

F0r Pile in ;la3s: MQ*I ( (2 39A+C*3+4 L MN+"* OL4 MQ*I L5 B5 C*3+4 N"CL M2 3L5 L B54C* OL C.6+1,/(5 )&' >10*'- .< MQ* <,.6 )&' 17.>' )9. 'A*1)/.(-; )&' 0.9', >10*' 9/00 7' )1:'( 1- Q53*4= %&',': N"C I B'1,/(5 "1+1"/)2 <1")., #

C*3+4 I U(8,1/('8 ".&'-/.( .< )&'

BEARIN1 BEARIN1 CAPACITY CAPACITY OF OF PILE PILE 1ROUP 1ROUP

Design Example
Deter!i"e the Allo%a*le Beari"' Ca(acit, o# the 'ro ( (ile si"' the #actor o# sa#et, o# P+ Gi#e = "> 9 P, "@9 B, D 9 B?A!!, $ 9 >@@?!! a"$ L 9 >A!+ The (iles are s- are i" 73sectio" G e!*e$$e$ i" a ho!o'e"eo s cla, %ith C 9 Q? RNE!@+

BEARIN1 BEARIN1 CAPACITY CAPACITY OF OF PILE PILE 1ROUP 1ROUP

SOLUTION
Qu = n1n2 ( A!Cu("# $ "%u &L# A" P = ('.(')#('.(')# ='.' ( *2 = (+#('.(')# = 1.22 *

A, Cu = -' .N/* 2 S0 120* 324"5 (Cu 6, # = '.7(8 ,08

Qu = (+# ((# 9( #('.' (#(-'# $ ('.7(#(1.22#(-'#(1)#:

BEARIN1 BEARIN1 CAPACITY CAPACITY OF OF PILE PILE 1ROUP 1ROUP

SOLUTION A%ain fro) E+n, the !lti)ate #lo"' "apa"ity is:

-.u/ L% 0% 1u2p3 N"4 5 -62L% 5 0%31u 7L L% / / 0% / / 2n8 9 83d 5 6 2D:63 2;-838&66 5 <&=<> / 2n6 9 83d 5 6 2D:63 2=-838&66 5 <&=<> / 6&A;> ) =&?@> )

BEARIN1 BEARIN1 CAPACITY CAPACITY OF OF PILE PILE 1ROUP 1ROUP

SOLUTION L:0% L%:0% Fro) Graph: N"4 0lo"' 1apa"ity / / / 8>:6&A;> B&@ / >&;@ 8&;;

=&?@>:6&A;> /

/ 2=&?@>326&A;>32A<32B&@3 5 2632=&?@>56&A;>32A<328>3 / 6<@;= 'N 8<=BA 'N C 6<@;= 'N .%2u3 : F S / /

So:

.%2u3 .%2all3