In 1984 Computer scientists, Len Bosack and Sandy Lerner, from Stanford University, found Cisco Systems.

They invented this technology to link their computer systems together. InSystems, 1984 Computer Len Bosack and Sandy Lerner, Cisco Inc. isscientists, the worldwide leader in networking from Stanford Today, University, found Cisco They invented for the Internet. networks are Systems. an essential part of this technology to link their computer business, education, government andsystems home together. Cisco Systems, Inc. isCisco the worldwide in networking for communications, and Internetleader Protocol-based (IP) the Internet. Today, networks are an essential part of networking solutions are the foundation of these business, education, government and home communications, networks. and Cisco Internet Protocol-based (IP) networking solutions Cisco hardware, software, and service offerings are used are the foundation of these networks. tocreate Internet solutions that allow individuals, Cisco hardware, software, and service offerings are used to companies, and countries to increase productivity, create Internet solutions that allow individuals, companies, and countries to increase productivity, improve customer improve customer satisfaction and strengthen satisfaction and strengthen advantage. The Cisco competitive advantage. The competitive Cisco name has become name has become synonymous with the Internet, as well as synonymous with the Internet, as well as with the with the productivity improvements that Internet business productivity improvements that Internet business solutions provide.

 An Internet Protocol address (IP address) is a numerical label assigned to each device participating in a computer network that uses the Internet protocol for communication. Ip address must be unique in a network. Ip address is read with its Subnet mask. 32 bits( 0 or 1) divided into 4 octets. Ip address has two portions network and host. Each octet has a decimal value ranging from 0 to 255, except for the first octet which is 1 to 255. The first octet cannot be 127 , this is reserved for loopback and also to check if protocol stack is correctly configured. All 0s define network address. All 1s define broadcast address. The ip address 255.255.255.255 defines a general broadcast.

 Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR) is a method for allocating IP addresses and routing Internet Protocol packets. The Internet Engineering Task Force introduced CIDR in 1993 to replace the previous addressing architecture of classful networkdesign in the Internet.Its goal was to slow the rapid exhaustion of IPv4 address. CIDR values tells about the ON bits for example:255.224.0.0/11 -> 11 bits are on 255.255.192.0/18 -> 18 bits are on Maximum range is /30 because 31 & 32 are reserved for hosts.

Telnet: It is a service through which we can access one pc from another pc in command mode. FTP: A method of transferring one or more file from one system to another system over a network. TFTP: It is stack version of FTP. TFTP has no browsing ability. It can send and receive files. NFS: It is a service through which we can transfer data and files from linux to linux or linux to window. SMTP: Simple mail transport protocol, through this mail can be sent. DNS:It translate name to IP or Ip to names. DHCP: It is used to give IP to client automatically.

Router to pc Pc to pc Switch to switch Switch to hub Hub to Hub

Router to switch Router to Hub Pc to hub Switch to pc Hub uplink to downlink ADSL modem to Hub ADSL modem to PC

Fast ethernet: Ethernet speed: Fast ethernet speed: Gigabit ethernet speed:

10 mbps 100mbps 1000mbps

symbol E0/0 symbol F0/0 symbol G0/0

Serial port DTE(Data terminal equipment) DCE(Data communication equipment) Console port Auxiliary port Power

POST(Power on Self Test)

ROM(Mini IOS) present -> not present->rommonmode FLASH(IOS) check config

NVRAM
yes, setup mode no, extended mode ctrl + c

 User mode-allows user to perform few commands, configurations cannot be changed. Priviledge mode- It enables user to view and change few configurations. Global configuration mode- It allows user to change those configurations which effects the working of router.

User mode

Priviledge mode

Global configuration mode

 Static routes are user defined manually created routes.The administrator creates creates static routes in cisco routers using Ip route command. Syntax:ip route destination network subnet mask next hop router ip address Example: Ip route 11.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 10.0.0.2

 Default routes define a router as the default router. When there is no entry for the destination nettwork in the routing table, the router will forward the packet to its default router.Default router help in reducng the size of your routing table. Syntac: ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 next hop router Example Ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 10.0.0.2

Classfull Open standard Metric: Hop count(15) Distance vector protocol Max path=4(16) [equal load balancing] Broadcast:255.255.255.255 Port no 520 Send update every 30 seconds.

Classless Authentication Trigger update Multicast: 224.0.0.9

Example Router(config-if)#Router RIP #Version 2 #Network 10.0.0.0 #Network 11.0.0.0

 Cisco proprietary routing protocol Advanced distance vector/ hybrid routing protocol with features such as dynamic neighbor discovery. Classless/ VLSM Metric: bandwidth, delay, load, reliability Hop count 255 Multicast 224.0.0.10

Classless/VLSM Open standard Link state protocol Port no 89 Metric is cost Unlimited hop count AD is 110 Table- 1) neighbor 2)topology 3) routing table Point to point, multicast, broadcast Concept of area

 Example: Router#configure terminal Router(config)# router ospf 1 Router(config-router) #net 1.0.0.0 0 255.255.255 area 0 #net 192.1.1.0 0.0.255.255 area 0