SELECTION OF POPULATION AND SAMPLING TECHNIQUE

The research generally prefers a sample to a population frame for a reason of: Economy of time Effort Cost

POPULATION
Refers to the universe or the sum total of all elements under consideration. It is a larger group about which your generalization is made. Gay (1976) defines it as the group to which a researcher would like the results to be generalizable.

SAMPLE

According to Ferguson (1976) any sub-aggregate drawn from the population, or it a portion of a population.

Kerlinger (1973) says, all members of a well defined class of people, events or objects, which is the actual statistical values and Its characteristic are called PARAMETERS

Example of population frame; All the TB patient with gastric ulcer in San Lazaro Hospital. All five-year-old children in the district of Makati suffering from severe diarrhea. All Nursing graduates of Perpetual Help College Manila who passed the board examination for the year 2012. Some population frame are either finite or countable while others are infinite can not be counted.

Example of Finite Population All patient with stomach ulcers in Makati medical Center Patients who died of pneumonia in UST Hospital for 2000-2001. All nurses who have gained employment abroad. Sometimes what makes a population countable is that it is delimited to a certain period of time or sample can be derived. Ex. The number of nurses who passed the board exam is difficult to obtain, but it can be done, hence population of all nurses who passed the board exam is countable for a particular year desired. This shows the importance of delimitation in the research.

Example of Infinite Population All cars that passed along Dapitan street All stars in the sky All numbers of stone in the seashore. Look at the examples of all cars that will pass along Dapitan which can be counted, but researcher who is very interested in the topic may decide to use a quota sample and take the first 100 or 200 cars that will pass along Dapitan street.

Factors Affecting in the Selection of a Population

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Objectives of the research Availability of data Nature of research Variables to be measured, assessed or associated Inferences to be made

Some Minimum Acceptable Sizes of Sample

Descriptive Research 10% of the population for smaller population a minimum of 20% may be required. Correlational research 30 subjects Ex post facto or casual comparative research 15 subjects per group Experimental research 15 subjects per group. Some authorities believes that 30 per group should be considered minimum.

SAMPLING
A process which involves taking a part of a population, making observation on this representative group and then generalizing the findings to a bigger population

Slovin Formula to determine the sample size of a population

n = sample size N = population size e = the desired margin of error Example: Suppose the population has the size of 1000. what size of the sample can be derived from it using a 0.05 margin of error? Remember that the assumption of a normal distribution of the population should be considered. When the normal approximation is small or poor, this sample size formula does

Sampling Techniques/Strategies
The methods of deriving samples from probability or nonprobability is called sampling technique. There is therefore a one-to-one correspondence between a sample and a sampling technique or that sample has its own unique sampling technique. There are two kinds of samples: Probability sampletaken from one where all elements in the population frame have an equal chance of being selected.

Nonprobabilityconsist of non-random sample subjects. There is less chance of obtaining a representative sample.

Different Types of Probability Samples

a. Random Samplinga method of selecting sample size from a universe such that each members of the population has an equal chance of being selected as the sample. This strategy is known as the best procedure. Pre-requisite for Random Sampling: 1. Define the population 2. List all members of the population 3. Select the sample by employing an adequate procedure where every member has an equal chance.

Two Basic Principles in Random Sampling 1. Equi-probabilitythis means that the member of the population has an equal chances of being included in the sample. 2. Independencerefers to the fact that when one member is selected for the sampling this should not affect the chances of the other members getting choosen. How it is being selected 1. Lottery Sampling or the fish bowl technique-this procedure can be applied by first assigning numbers to the participants of the population assembling them in a sampling frame. 2. Table of Random Numbers-is the most systematic technique for getting sample units at random.

b. Systematic Sampling-it is a strategy for selecting the members of the sample that allows only chance and a system to determine membership in the sample. Systemis a planned strategy for selecting members after a starting point to be selected at random. c. Stratified Random Sample-strategy for selecting samples in such a way that specific sub-groups (strata) will have sufficient number of representative within the sample to provide ample numbers of sub-analysis of the members of these subgroups.

d. Cluster Sampling-results when population is divided into group or cluster. A cluster sampling technique, is a sampling technique where groups and cluster not individuals are selected. It is used when large-scale survey is undertaken while other sampling techniques are concerned only with a few subjects or a few locations. e. Multistage Sampling-is rarely used, because of its complexity of its strategy and also it incurs a lot of effort, time and expense.

Nonprobability Sample

Convenience Sampling It is a sampling strategy based on the convenience of the researcher. For instance if the researcher wants to know about national reconciliation in the Filipinos in the Philippines through telephone interviews, he will have the chance to interview only those who have telephone to the bias against those who have no telephones. Such sampling is done for

Purposive or deliberate sampling-if the researcher is interested in finding out for example, a particular reaction of some students on the devaluation of peso, instead of asking the opinion of all students in various colleges or universities in Metro Manila, he may purposely ask only the group leaders of a particular college. This is sampling with purpose.

Quota Sampling This is oftentimes used for infinite population frames and therefore, the researcher can not get a random sample. It is assumed that the samples will match the population with regards to the chosen set of characteristics