EMOTIONS

EMOTIONS
give life its feeling and meaning; they

enrich life a state involving pattern of facial and bodily changes, cognitive appraisals, subjective feelings, and tendencies toward action are positive or negative feelings generally in reaction to stimuli that are accompanied by physical, psychological arousal and related behavior

Four Elements of Emotion:

a stimulus situation that provokes reaction positively or negatively toned conscious

experience that is felt a bodily state of physiological arousal produced by the automatic nervous system and endocrine glands a related behavior that generally accompanies emotions

Three Basic Emotions

LOVE FEAR ANGER

IZARD
Interest joy surprise distress Anger disgust contempt shame fear
All other emotions are thought to be combination the above emotions.

PLUTCHIK

Fear Anticipation Anger Surprise Joy These emotions Sadness Acceptance are connected with each other. Disgust

Three Reasons Why Motivation and Emotion are closely related concepts:
1. The arousal of emotions activates

behavior as motives do. 2. Motives are accompanied by emotions. 3. Emotions typically have motivational properties of their own.

Theories of Emotion
James- Lange Theory

- William James and Carl Lange - proposes that conscious emotional experiences are caused by the feedback to the cerebral cortex from physiological reactions and behavior
STIMULUS

THALAMUS

HYPOTHALAMUS

BODILY REACTION

CORTEX

Theories of Emotion
Cannon-Bard Theory

- Walter Cannon and Philip Bard - the conscious emotional experience and physiological arousal are two simultaneous and largely independent events
CORTEX STIMULUS THALAMUS HYPOTHALAMUS BODILY REACTION

Theories of Emotion
Cognitive Theory

- Stanley Schachter and Jerome Singer - believe that emotional arousal is diffused and not specific to the different emotions - views the cognitive interpretation of emotional stimuli or events in the outside world and stimuli within the body as the key elements in emotion

COGNITIVE THEORY
Two steps in the process of cognitive interpretation in emotions:

1. the interpretation of stimuli from the environment 2. the interpretation of stimuli from the body resulting from autonomic arousal
The interpretation of emotionally relevant stimuli

from the external world is based on the idea that individuals are not affected by the events but by the individual s interpretation of these

PRINCIPLES OF EMOTION
1. Emotional needs express themselves one way or another 2. Anger is an expression of need. 3. Our feelings and needs are not wrong or bad 4. Emotions are the gateway to vitality and feeling alive 5. We can address emotional issues and still save our true face.

Emotional control helps us to:

reduce volatile reactions Create an environment of safety provide the balance n necessary for our well-being Ensure the stability of the group Focus on tasks that need to be done

Completely suppressing our feelings keeps us from being sensitive to:

dealing with work situations that contribute

to our well-being knowing our larger goals and dream seeing important clues in interaction with others recognizing unhealthy motives and consequences Appreciating our need for balance and connection

PRINCIPLES OF EMOTION
6. Immediate reaction to problem often disguise deeper feelings Four possible responses to the presence of a emotions: 1. Running away 2. Getting angry 3. Denying importance 4. Addressing the situation

PRINCIPLES OF EMOTION
7. We must clarify individual needs before solving problem with others. 8. We need to express positive feelings and communicate negative ones.

Measurement of Emotion
syphygmomanometer to measure blood

pressure in the arteries stethoscope an instrument used in listening to sounds produced within the body electrocardiograph (ECG) it is used to record electric potentials associated with electric current that traverses the heart and measures heart rate

Measurement of Emotion
pneumograph it is used for recording

chest movement during respiration galvanic skin response (GSR) it measures changes in sweating of the fingers and palm that accompany emotional experiences, and are independent of perspiration under normal temperature

Measurement of Emotion
polygraph or lie detector an instrument

that records changes in heartbeat, blood pressure, and breathing (John Larson) digital blood pressure an instrument that measures blood pressure and pulse rate simultaneously

ANXIETY
a general feeling of insecurity, of fear, usually

associated with certain kind of situation either real or imaginary

Ways to Control Undesirable Emotions

Avoid situations which arouse undesirable

emotions. Develop the habit of passing over provoking situations. Get more information or knowledge about things which make you worry. Practice as often as possible, the policy of holding back or delaying the act of giving in to an undesirable emotional impulse, such as anger.

Ways to Control Undesirable Emotions

Acquire understanding and skill in meeting

lifes situations and problems. Study and practice the art of getting along with people. Form friendships and associate with groups of people. Enjoy happy moments and laugh.