School-Age Child

From Ages 6-12

Growth and Development

Physical Growth
WEIGHT GAIN: 3-5 lbs (1.3 - 2.2kgs INCREASE IN HEIGHT: 1-2 inches or 2.5-5cm.

Brain growth is complete. Eye globe reaches its final shape IgG and IgA reach adult levels. Lymphatic Tissues continue to grow up. Abundance of tonsillar and adenoid tissue. Frontal sinuses develop

Frontal Sinus

 Left ventricle of the heart enlarges. Innocent heart murmurs

PULSE RATE: 70-80bpm BLOOD PRESSURE: 112/60mmHg Respiratory Rate: 17-22cpm Scoliosis may become apparent at this stage.

Teeth

Deciduous teeth are lost and permanent teeth erupt during school age. The average child gains 28 teeth between 6 to 12 years of age. 7 years old- central incisors erupt

Deciduous teeth Will soon be Replaced with permanent teeth

Sexual Maturation

Hypothalamus
Transmits enzyme

Anterior Pituitary Gland

To begin
Production of Gonadotropin hormones

activates
Changes in testes and ovaries

PUBERTY

Sexual and Physical Concerns

School-age is the time for parents to discuss physical changes that happen to them Perspiration increases. Concerns of Girls Usually taller than boys Girls are usually conscious of breast development. Early preparation for menstruation. Girls need to know that vaginal secretions will be present..

A child, conscious of breast growth

Concerns for boys

Boys are aware of increasing genital size. Gynecomastia can occur in

prepuberty. Boys begin to notice ejaculation during sleep or termed

nocturnal emissions.

A young boy with gynecomastia

AGE 9-11

BOYS Weight gain

GIRLS Breast development Elevation of papilla Areolar diameter enlarges. Straight hair along the labia pH of vagina becomes acidic Slight mucus vaginal discharge present Perspiration increases Pubic hair grows darker, spreads over entire pubis. Breast enlarge but no protrusion in nipples Axillary hair is present menarche

11-12

Sparse growth of pigmented hair at the base of penis Sebaceous gland secretion increases Perspiration increases

12-13

Pubic hair present in pubis Penis lengthens Dramatic growth spurt Breast enlargement

Developmental Milestones

Gross Motor Development

Children endlessly jump, tumble, skip and hop. 7 years old- Gender differences manifest in play. girl games boy games 8 year old coordination has improved - eyes are fully developed 9 years old- has enough eye hand coordination - always on the go.

11 years old- interested in perfecting their skills.

12 years old- plunge into activities with intensity & coordination. - able to handle great responsibility and complete given task.

Fine Motor Development

6 year old can easily tie shoelace -- can draw a person with good detail. Eraser Year because children are never quiet content with what they have done. 8 years old- can read regular size type. -writes in script rather than print. 9 years old- writing begins to look mature and less awkward.

7 years of age- child requires more props for playing. -imaginative play starts to decline -interested in collecting items. 8 years old- child like table games but hate to lose. 9 years old- children play hard 10 years old- engages in hand held or television control games. -interested in rules and fairness. - boys show off as girls pass -girls become interested the way they look.

Play

Language Development
6 years old- talks in full sentences. -defines objects by use. 7 years old- can tell the time in hours. - know months of the year and months the holiday falls -can add and subtract. 9 years old- child discover dirty jokes. 12 years old- sense of humour is apparent -can now carry adult conversation.

Industry Versus Inferiority

Child attempt to master another developmental stage : learning a sense of industry or accomplishment If children are prevented from achieving sense of industry or do not receive rewards for accomplishments, they can develop a feeling of inferiority or become convinced that they cannot do things they actually can do. school-age needs reassurance that they can do things correctly.

Cognitive Development

Cognitive Development (Piaget)

Concrete Operational Thought- includes systematic reasoning -uses memory to learn broad concepts CONCEPTS Decentering- ability to project oneself into others situation. Accomodation: ability to adapt thought processes to fit what is perceived (there can be more than one reason for other peoples action.. Conservation- learns that a change in shape doesnt necessarily mean a change in size. Class inclusion- ability to understand that one object can belong to more than one classifications.

Moral and Spiritual Development

Moral and Spiritual Development

Preconventional (Level I)
(4-7 years old) Carries out actions to satisfy own needs

Conventional (Level II)

7-10 and 10-12 years of age Child follows rules because of a need to be good Follows rules of authority.

Promoting Nutritional Health

Establishing healthy eating patterns Fostering Industry- let them help in planning meals -teach proper table manners. Recommended dietary Intake- increase fiber, since they dislike vegetables. - increase iron, calcium and fluoride.

Common Health Problems

Dental Caries
progressive, destructive lesions, or decalcification of tooth enamel and dentin. neglected caries result in poor chewing thus poor digestion, abscess and pain and sometimes osteomyelitis.

Malocclusions
is a misalignment of teeth and/or incorrect relation between the teeth of the two dental arches. The term was coined by Edward Angle the "father of modern orthodontics, as a derivative of occlusion, which refers to the manner in which opposing teeth meet.

malocclusions

Latchkey Children are school children who are without adult supervision for part of each weekday. Sex Education- children should be well educated of the pubertal stages and responsible sexual practices. Stealing- happens around 7 years of age when child discover the importance of money. -Mother should stress the importance of property right as well as the consequences it may bring.

End of our Report