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HEALTHY vs BLOCKED ARTERY

Illustration of fissure or rupture of an unstable plaque in a coronary artery

Progressive Formation of Plaque in a Coronary Artery

Factors Contributing to Decline in Deaths


Better and earlier diagnosis Better emergency and medical care Improved drugs for specific treatment Improved public awareness Increased use of preventive measures, including lifestyle changes

Improves the hearts contractility, work capacity, and circulation Improves ratio of blood lipids Controls and prevents moderate hypertension Controls weight, reduces body fat, and increases muscle mass Alleviates stress and decreases cigarette smoking Reduces insulin resistance

How Exercise Reduces Risk of Disease

Comparison of the Left Main Coronary Artery in (a) Sedentary and (b) Exercising Monkeys on Atherogenic Diets

Key Points
Risk of Death During Exercise There is an increased risk of heart attack during actual exercise; however, over a 24-hour period, those who exercise regularly have a reduced risk of heart attack. Deaths during exercise are rare. In people over 35, most deaths during exercise are caused by a cardiac arrhythmia due to atherosclerosis. Deaths during exercise in people under age 35 are usually caused by hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, congenital conditions, aortic aneurysm, or myocarditis.

angina and heart attack


angina
narrowed coronary artery tightness or ache in the chest, breathlessness, sick feeling, dizziness comes on with exertion or emotion goes away with rest usually 2-10 mins

heart attack
due to sudden blockage of the coronary artery chest pain like a band, indigestion, breathlessness, sickness, looking pale comes on at any time doesnt go away - if still there in 15 minutes call 999

clarifying some terms


Heart failure
the pumping action of the heart is less efficient, possibly caused by raised blood pressure, heart attack, or valve defect

Heart attack (myocardial infarction)


a coronary artery is suddenly blocked by a blood clot

Cardiac arrest
the heart stops beating when it quivers or fibrillates causing the person to collapse

Stroke
an artery leading to the brain is suddenly blocked with a blood clot or a bleed

main risk factors for coronary heart disease


smoking inactivity obesity and overweight high blood pressure raised blood cholesterol diabetes family history of coronary heart disease excessive alcohol intake

physical inactivity
30 minutes a day at least 5 days a week which can be split into 15 minute periods
regular, moderate intensity activity brisk walking, swimming, cycling, dancing, skipping, tennis, etc. enough to feel warm & slightly short of breath, but still able to hold a conversation

obesity
caused by excessive calorie intake, and inactivity
can lead to high blood pressure, raised blood cholesterol levels, and diabetes

increases your risk of coronary heart disease and heart failure

high blood pressure


the force of blood in the arteries is over 140/85mmHg can be lowered with more activity, weight loss, cutting salt and alcohol

high blood cholesterol levels


cholesterol is a fatty substance needed for body cells it is carried on proteins called low-density or high density lipoproteins (LDLs or HDLs) saturated fats can increase levels and sometimes people have inherited raised cholesterol levels

diabetes
inability of the pancreas to produce enough insulin to control blood sugar levels uncontrolled blood sugar encourages the build up of fatty deposits within the arterial walls around 1.3 million people have diabetes in the UK. This may reach 2 million people by 2010

hormone replacement therapy


oestrogen in the body may improve cholesterol levels and may make the artery more elastic however, hormone replacement therapy has not shown significant protection against coronary heart disease present evidence suggests that HRT should not be prescribed solely to reduce the risk of coronary heart disease

Arteriosclerosis
Disease of the arteries characterized by thickening, loss of elasticity and calcification of arterial walls
Resulting in decreased blood supply particularly to the cerebrum and lower extremities Often develops with: aging hypertension diabetes
Often develops with:

Disease of the arteries characterized by thickening, loss of elasticity and calcification of arterial walls Resulting in decreased blood supply particularly to the cerebrum and lower extremities

aging hypertension diabetes

Risk factors

High blood pressure (hypertension) High blood cholesterol Smoking Obesity High blood pressure (hypertension) High blood cholesterol Physical inactivityHigh blood pressure (hypertension) Smoking Obesity High blood cholesterol Physical inactivity Diabetes Smoking Stress (?) Obesity Physical inactivity Diabetes Stress (?)
Diabetes Stress (?)
Controllable

High blood pressure (hypertension)

High blood cholesterol


Smoking Obesity Physical inactivity Diabetes Stress (?) High blood pressure (hypertension) High blood cholesterol Smoking Obesity Physical inactivity Diabetes Stress (?)

Controllable

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