www.econ.usyd.edu.au/OfficeOfLearningAndTeaching
Last Updated January, 2006 Voice over by James Whisker Click here to read About this presentation
Educational outcomes
The purpose of this presentation is to explain how to reference using both direct quotes and paraphrases.
After completing this PowerPoint presentation, you will be better able to:
Explain how to reference using (a) direct quotes and (b) paraphrases Describe the advantages of paraphrasing Describe some important steps involved with the process of creating a paraphrase
To orientate the reader in the introduction of an essay to key research in the field
Direct quotes
In general, quotations should be used infrequently in academic writing. You should use a quotation only when you need to: 1. Include an authors language that is particularly effective, well-stated, important within the discipline, historically significant, or striking or unique Present an idea or opinions that either cannot be paraphrased concisely or cannot be paraphrased without changing the meaning in some way Present an idea or position to critique, comment upon or agree/disagree with (this position should be one that cannot be easily stated through paraphrasing)
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Paraphrasing
A paraphrase is a restatement of someone elses ideas, evidence or opinions using your own words. A paraphrase is usually of similar length to the original. In academic writing, a paraphrase is usually confined to restating sentences or key findings of a study. Summaries, on the other hand, are more appropriate for longer pieces of text. Summaries are always shorter than the original text.
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Technical changes
The first step to successfully paraphrase an idea from source material requires making technical changes to the original text. The types of technical changes can be summarised as: a. Substituting similar words (changing the vocabulary) b. Changing the sentence structure c. Changing the word order
Reference: Hoysted, A. (no date). Paraphrasing. Unpublished teaching material, The University of Newcastle.
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Comment on or interpret the original source Evaluate the original the source Compare the original with other sources
Reference: Hoysted, A. (no date). Paraphrasing. Unpublished teaching material, The University of Newcastle.
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Technical changes
ORIGINAL PARAPHRASE Vocabulary changes (& condense text where possible & appropriate)
A high rate of turnover among local staff has been a significant challenge in joint ventures in China.
PARAPHRASE Word order changes (+ condense text where possible & appropriate)
A significant challenge for joint ventures in China has been the high levels of local staff turnover.
The high rate of turnover has been a substantial problem in managing Chinese employees in joint ventures in the Peoples Republic of China. This is particularly true for two groups of employees. First, there has been shortage of middle-level managers because of the increased economic development over the past twenty years. This shortage has hindered many multinational corporations localization plans because local managers who have been trained for succession have usually ended up as the focus of aggressive recruiting efforts by other organizations.
First, there has been a shortage of middle-level managers to due to rapid economic development during the past two decades. This shortage has proved an obstacle to many multinationals localization plans because local managers who have been trained to take over the roles of expatriates have regularly been poached by rival organizations.
First, the rapid economic development during the past two decades has caused a shortage of middle-level managers.
Fierce competition to recruit these managers has led to poaching by rival organizations. As these local managers have often been training to take over the roles of expatriates, this has proved an obstacle to the localization of many joint ventures involving multinationals.
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Conclusion
You should now have a better understanding of:
Why paraphrasing is often the preferred method of incorporating sources into academic writing
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University of Melbourne
http://tlu.ecom.unimelb.edu.au/pdfs/Lecture%206-Plagiarism_and_paraphrasing.pdf
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Thank you
For additional & individual support with your writing, you may contact Dr Michael Paton on 9351 5569 or via email: m.paton@econ.usyd.edu.au
To provide feedback about this PowerPoint, you may email Kellie Morrison: k.morrison@econ.usyd.edu.au
Office for Learning and Teaching in Economics and Business www.econ.usyd.edu.au/OfficeOfLearningAndTeaching
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Precarious:
Dependent on chance circumstances, unknown conditions, or uncertain developments or characterised by a lack of security or stability
GO BACK not constant, not steady in action or movement, wavering in purpose or intent
Unstable:
(Definitions were abbreviated and adapted from: Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary http://www.m-w.com/home.htm)
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What is plagiarism?
Plagiarism means presenting another person's ideas, findings or work as one's own by copying or reproducing them without due acknowledgement of the source
(Academic Honesty in Coursework, The University of Sydney: http://www.econ.usyd.edu.au/content.php?pageid=2534 ).
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References
Garvey, G., & Mawani, A. (2005). Risk-taking incentives of executive stock options and the asset substitution problem. Accounting and Finance, 45(1), 3-23. Hoysted, A. (No date). Paraphrasing. Unpublished teaching material. The Learning Support Unit, The University of Newcastle. Waslander, S., & Thrupp, M. (1997). Choice, competition and segregation: an empirical analysis of a New Zealand secondary school market, 1990-93. In A.H. Halsey., H. Lauder, P. Brown, & A. Stuart Wells (Eds.), Education: culture, economy, society , pp. 439-459. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.
Chong, V. K & Leung Tak-Wing, S. (2003). Testing a model of the motivational role of budgetary participation on job performance: a goal setting theory analysis. Asian Review of Accounting, 11(1), 1-17.
Weller, S., & Webber, M. (2001). Precarious employment and occupational change. In J.Borland., Gregory, B., & P. Sheehan (Eds.), Work rich, work poor: inequality and economic change in Australia, pp. 160-195. Victoria: Centre for Strategic Economic Studies, Victoria University. Wong, C.S, Hui, C., Wong, Y.T., & Law, K.S. (2001). The significant role of Chinese employees: organizational commitment implications for managing employees in Chinese societies. Journal of World Business, Fall, 36(3), 326-340.
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This PowerPoint presentation briefly explains how to directly quote or paraphrase from a source. Although this presentation was developed within the Faculty of Economics and Business, given the wide diversity of referencing formats, the advice presented here may not always align with every Unit of Study outline (UoS). Furthermore, some lecturers will have different expectations about specific tasks. In addition, tasks and assignments vary, as does the type of writing required in different contexts. Therefore, the advice here may or may not apply to your writing requirements. In most cases, it is generally best to follow the particular instructions of your lecturer / tutor and to use these materials as guidelines only. It is therefore important to always check your UoS outline or lecturer for each of your specific UoS requirements.
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