Chapter 4

Chapter 4
System Software
104110 Computer Applications.
Slide 1
What You Will Learn . . .

List the two major components of system software Explain why a computer isnt useful without an operating system List the five basic functions of an operating system Explain what happens when you turn on a computer List the three major types of user interfaces
Slide 2
What You Will Learn . . .

Discuss the strengths and weaknesses of the most popular operating systems List the seven essential system utilities Discuss data backup procedures Understand troubleshooting techniques
Slide 3
Introduction
Windows95, W98, XP, Vista, W7? Tiger, Leopard, Snow Leopard? Froyo, Eclair, Donut, Cupcake, Gingerbread, Honeycomb Ice, Cream Sandwich Which one is yours? Operating System software # Applications software?
104110 Computer Applications
Slide 4
Introduction
In this chapter we will reveal answers to these questions. We will explain: The difference between OS and system Utilities, Different OS, their newest versions, and their features. Utilities that every user should be familiar with, how to access them, and some of the settings that might help facilitate their use. Some basic troubleshooting techniques in case of system software malfunction.
104110 Computer Applications. Slide 5
System Software
System software consists of the programs that control or
maintain the operations of the computer and its devices Two major categories of system software are:
Operating systems
Utility Programs
Slide 6
System Software
Operating systems
The operating system is a set of programs that perform certain basic functions with a specific type of hardware The operating system perform five basic functions::
Starting the computer
The Operating System (OS): The Computers Traffic Cop
Managing programs
Managing memory Coordinating tasks: Handling messages from input and output devices
Enabling user interaction with the computer

Mostly found on a hard disk On memory chip for small handheld computers.
Slide 8
Operating System Functions

The process of starting or restarting a computer (loading or reloading the operating system into the computers memory RAM) is called booting
Cold boot
Turning on a computer that has been powered off completely
Warm boot
Using the operating system to restart a computer
Slide 9
Starting the Computer

With both types of booting, the computer copies the kernel from the hard drive into the computers memory, where it remains while your computer is powered on and functioning. The kernel Is the central part of the operating system that: Starts all applications Manages devices and memory Performs other essential functions Resides in memory at all times (memory resident)
Starting the Computer

A Cold or Warm boot is a step-by-step process.
Slide 11
The Operating System

Step 1: Activate the BIOS and Setup Program BIOS (Basic Input/Output System) instructions provide the computer with descriptions of the internal equipment: CPU, RAM, Hard disk, Bios is encoded on ROM (readonly memory) Does not control external devices While the BIOS is visible you can access the Setup program Includes settings that control computer hardware Do not altermaking incorrect changes to a BIOS device will cause the system not to boot
104110 Computer Applications. slide 12

Step 2: Initiate the Power-On Self-Test Power-on self-test (POST)to confirm that both the computer and its peripheral devices are working properly If the POST fails: A beep will sound. An error message will appear on the monitor. The computer will stop.
Slide 13

Step 3: Load the Operating System BIOS Looks for the operating system Loads the kernel into memorythe central part of the operating system The operating system loads the system configuration information.
Slide 14

Step 4: Configure the System In Microsoft Operating system configuring information about installed peripherals and software is stored in registry. Checks the registry: Database that stores information about software and peripherals choices, for configuration information Checks the configuration for drivers Utility programs containing instructions for the proper functioning of peripheral devices. Automatically detects plug-and-play (PnP) devices Checks for conflicts between devices Installs and loads needed drivers
Slide 15
Step 5: Load System Utilities Antivirus software Speaker volume control Power management options
Slide 16

Step 6: Authentication or user login
Username / Password
Associated with a username and password, is a profile. A profile is record of a specific users preferences for the desktop theme, icons, and menu styles. On a multi-user computer systems you must have an account to access a computer. Your account consists of your username, your password, and your storage space, which is called home directory.
Slide 17
Second Function: Managing Applications

When you run an application the OS loads it from storage into RAM. In the early days of computing Single-tasking were used. Operating systems run one application program at a time.
Slide 18
Second Function: Managing Applications

Today, Multitasking operating systems have the ability to run more than one application program at a time. Multitasking is accomplished by:
A foreground application The active program or program in use One or more background applications Inactive program(s) or program(s) not in use
Slide 19
Managing Applications (Cont.)

OS stability depends on how good it is at controlling that one application doesnt invades memory space allocated to another applications. If its the case, applications become unstable or crashes. Preemptive multitasking Enables the operating system to regain control if an application stops working The OS decides how long to allocate to any one task before giving another task a turn to use the operating system. Exple of OS that does this: Linux, Mac OS, Microsoft Windows.
Third Function: Managing Memory

Computers use memory to make processing more fluid. The operating system allocates memory areas for each running program; it keeps programs from interfering with each other (preemptive).
Slide 21

A printer buffer is a good example of how OS determines the order in which tasks are processed
Slide 22
Most of todays OS can make the computer RAM seem larger using virtual memory (VM) as an extension of random access memory (RAM). In VM instructions & data are divided into units of fixed size called pages, that are stored in a swap file on disk when main memory is full. Pages are moved in Main memory as needed, paging. Excessive paging is called trashing.
Fourth Function: Coordinating Tasks (I/O)

How does a computer know that you want it to do something? Input and output devices generate interrupts, or signals, that tell the operating system that something has happened (Exple: user has pressed a key, mouse has moved to a new position, ). The OS provides interrupt handlers also called interrupt service routine which are mini-programs that begin when an interrupt occurs. Interrupt request (IRQ) lines handle the communications between input/output devices and the CPU. Most PCs have 16 IRQs number 0-15 An IRQ conflict causes system instability when two devices try to use the same IRQ line.
Slide 24
Fifth Function: Providing the User Interface

The user interface is that part of the operating system with which the user interacts with a computer.
User interface functions:

Start application programs Manage disks and files
Shut down the computer safely
There are 3 types of user interface: Graphical User Interface (GUI). Menu Driven. Command Line Interface.
Slide 25
Graphical User Interface (GUI)

The first commercial GUI was the Xerox Star. Most common interface on desktop computers All versions of Windows All versions of Mac OS The KDE and Gnome interfaces for Linux Uses graphics to create a desktop environment with Icons (small pictures) representing computer resources such as programs, data files, and network connections. Programs run within on-screen windows Within programs, you can give commands by choosing items from pulldown menus, some of which display dialog boxes: to supply additional information.
Menu-driven User Interface

Menu-driven:
Text-based menus are used to show all of the options available to the user. Avoid memorizing key words, such as copy, delete, etc And syntax (a set of rules for entering commands.) on-screen, text-based menus show all the options available at a given point. With most systems, you select an option using the arrow keys, then Enter. Other use the mouse or to accept a letter or number from the keyboard.
Command-Line Interface
Command-line:
The user is required to type keywords or commands in order to enter data or give instructions
Slide 28
Other functions OS can provide

Configuring devices: using device driver or through Plug & Play mechanism.
Slide 29

Provide a means to establish Internet connections
Slide 30

Monitoring performance of various computer resources and devices such as: processor, disks, network, memory usage.
Slide 31
Exploring Popular Operating Systems
Slide 32
System Software
Stand-Alone Operating System
Slide 33
Stand-Alone Operating Systems

A stand-alone operating system is a complete operating system that works on a desktop computer, notebook computer, or mobile computing device
Windows 7 UNIX
Mac OS X Linux
Slide 34
Operating Systems Usage
Slide 35
Stand-Alone Operating Systems

Windows is by far the most popular group of stand-alone operating system.
Slide 36
Microsoft Windows 7 (2009)
Slide 37
MAC OS ( since 1984) LISA

Is a series of Unix-based operating systems and graphical user interfaces developed, marketed, and sold by Apple Inc
1st OS to use graphical user interface

Easiest operating system for beginners. Is the model for most new GUI developed for non-MAC system. The latest Mac OS X is a multitasking OS available only for computers manufactured by Apple.
Slide 38
MAC OS
Operating System for MAC were numbered as MAC OS 8, MAC OS 9, and MAC OS X (10 in roman numeral 10).
Newer versions of MAC OS X have given names associated with animals: Cheetah, Snow Leopard, Mountain Lion (latest).
Slide 39
Unix ( early 1970)

Developed by AT&T early 1970s.
Included 1st preemptive multitasking system

Developed concepts of file management and path names Several versions exists Available for most computers of all size. Not free
Linux (1991)
Developed in 1991 by Linus Torvalds: Finnish student.
Open-source code Available for all to see and use
Multitasking UNIX-type operating system Competes with Windows and MAC-OS Linux is so attractive because its powerful and free.
Growing acceptance because it runs on all computers.

MS-DOS
Developed for IBM PCs in 1981 by Bill Gates & Paul Allen.
Uses command-line interface

Use is diminishing
Slide 42
System Software
Server Operating System
Slide 43
Server Operating Systems

A server operating system is an operating system that is designed specifically to support a network.
Windows Server 2008 Solaris

UNIX
Linux
NetWare
Slide 44
Server Operating System (SOR)

It resides on a server. And clients on the network rely on the server (s) resources. SOR support all sizes of networks.
Slide 45
Microsoft Windows Server 2008

Is intended for use in the corporate environment to support client / server systems. Provides benefits in the area of security, enhanced Web server capabilities, administration, and virtualization . Include many editions: standard, Enterprise, Datacenter, Web server, Itanium-Based System (64 bits) that function as a Web server.
UNIX Server
In addition to being stand-Alone OS Unix is also a Server OS: multiple purpose OS. Can handle a huge volume of transactions in a multiuser environment and works with multiple processors using multiprocessing.
Slide 47
Linux Server
Also a multiple purpose OS.
Commercially-backed distributions: Fedora (Red Hat), openSUSE (Novell), Ubuntu (Canonical Ltd.), and Mandriva Linux (Mandriva),
Entirely community-driven distributions: Debian and Gentoo. Other distributions that are driven neither by a corporation nor a community, perhaps most famously Slackware.
Solaris Server
Version of UNIX developed by Sun. Designed specifically for e-commerce applications. Solaris client computer often use desktop program such as GNOME desktop to communicate with Solaris Server.
Slide 49
Netware Server
Developed by Novell, Inc. It initially used cooperative multitasking to run various services on a personal computer, with network protocols based on the archetypal Xerox Network Systems stack.
Netware has a server portion on the network server and one portion on the client computer. Run on all type of computers.
Clients can have their one stand-alone OS.
System Software
Embedded Operating Systems
Slide 51
Embedded Operating Systems

An embedded operating system resides on a ROM chip on a mobile device or consumer electronic device Are specialized OS designed for specific applications.
Windows Embedded CE Windows Mobile
Palm OS
iPhone OS
BlackBerry
Google Android
Embedded Linux
Symbian OS
Slide 52
Microsoft Windows Mobile

Windows Mobile 6 was released on February 12, 2007 Provides a user interface in a simplified windows format for handheld devices such as Smartphone and PDAs. It comes in three different versions:
Windows Mobile 6 Standard for Smartphone (phones without touchscreens). Windows Mobile 6 Professional for Pocket PCs with phone functionality. Windows Mobile 6 Classic for Pocket PCs without cellular radios.
Data can be transferred to PCs Includes handwriting and voice recognition

Microsoft Windows CE
Windows Mobile CE was released in 1996. Used by consumer electronic devices likes: Handheld PCs, Video games players, digital cameras, industrial product like bar code readers.
Slide 54
Palm OS (Palm Inc.)

Competing OS to Windows Mobile 6. 1996 Manage schedules and contacts, phone messages, notes, task, and address lists. Information on the mobile device easily synchronizes with PCs or printers using cable or wireless technology. Internet access, e-mail, music, digital photos. Touch screen. Biometric identification. Support for smart card.
Symbian OS
Open source multitasking OS (since 2/2010) Originally developed by Symbian Ltd, a firm purchased by Nokia 2008. Runs exclusively on ARM processors & x86. Contact, notes, e-mail, text message, take pictures, videos, voice, internet wirelessly, map, directions, music, movies, videos, display photos.
Slide 56
Android OS
Initially developed by Android Inc., a firm purchased by Google in 2005. Android is based upon a modified version of the Linux kernel. It has a large community of developers writing application programs ("apps") Android operating system software stack consists of Java applications The Android OS consists of 12 million lines of code.
Slide 57
iOS4 for iPhone & iPad touch, Apples smart phone & touch screen portable media player. Samsumg 32-bit RISC. Contact, notes, e-mail, text message, take pictures, videos, voice, internet wirelessly, map, directions, music, movies, videos, display photos. High Dynamic Range photos, HD video upload over Wi-Fi TV show rentals Game Center(THOR). Multi-touch Retina Display. FaceTime with front camera. Wi-Fi access to iTunes music store.
iPhone OS (Apple Inc.)
Slide 58
BlackBerry 6 OS (RIM)
RIM: Research In Motion (Canada). 624 MHz Marvell Tavor Processor. Manage schedules, contacts, appointments, as well as phone capabilities. Wireless functionality for e-mail, text, IM, internet, browsing, Bluetooth. Take pictures, play music, access map & directions. Synchronize easily wirelessly with computers and other BlackBerry devices. 3G, GPS, Wi-Fi Include mini keyboard, Some have touch-screen.
Utilities Software
Utility Programs
System Utilities: Tools for Housekeeping

System utilities are programs that help the operating system manage the computer systems resources.
Types of utilities:
Backup software Antivirus software
Disk scanning
Disk defragmentation File management
File-searching software
File compression
Backup Software
Backup software includes programs that enable the user to copy data from the hard disk to another storage medium
Types of backups:
Full backup: entire hard 'disk content is copied.
Incremental backup: copy all those files that have been created or changed since the last backup occurred. Drive Image Software creates mirror image of the entire hard disk, including OS, applications, as well as a data.
Antivirus Software
Antivirus software protects the computer from computer viruses. Popular antivirus Programs:
Bitdefender
Kaspersky Webroot
Norton
ESET Nod32
File Management Utilities

Known as a file manager Enables the user to perform various tasks on storage devices using files, folders, and directories
Tasks include: Creating folders Saving, deleting, copying, and moving files and folders Examining the contents of files Launching application programs
Slide 64
Search
On large hard disk with thousand of files, to find a needed file can be time-consuming and frustrating. Search programs enable users to find files on storage devices.
Disk Scanning Programs
Disk-scanning utilities are programs that detect and fix physical and logical problems on storage devices. Disk cleanup utilities are programs that remove files that are no longer needed.
Disk Defragmentation Programs
A disk defragmentation program moves data on a storage device to improve performance.

File Compression Utility
A file compression utility reduces the size of a file.

System Update
Windows Update keeps the operating system up to date with service patches.
windowsupdate.microsoft.com
Windows 7 update automatically
Slide 69
Troubleshooting
Computer startup failure:
Use a boot disk (emergency disk) in the floppy drive.
Configuration problems after adding new peripherals:

Start the computer in Windows safe mode. Access safe mode by pressing the F8 key during the startup process.
Slide 70
Troubleshooting
System slowdown:
Scan for viruses. Check the CPU fan. Check BIOS options. Defragment the hard disk.
Slide 71
Shutting Down Your System

Click Start, then Turn Off Computer.
Standby - low power state Shut Down turns computer off Restart reboots computer
Slide 72
Chapter 4 Summary
Two of the system software components are the operating system and system utilities. The operating system coordinates the functions of a computers hardware and provides support for application programs. An operating system manages programs, memory, and input/output devices, and it also provides a means of communicating with the user. The six steps to start a computer are loading the BIOS, power-on self-test, load operating system, configure system, load utilities, authenticate users.
Two major operating systems for the personal computer are Microsoft Windows and the Mac OS X. The basic types of user interface are command-line, menu-driven, and graphical. System utilities keep the computer running efficiently. Backup procedures keep data safe. Troubleshooting is helpful for discovering errors.
Chapter 4 Summary (continued)
Slide 74
Virtualization
Its the creation of a virtual (rather than actual) version of something, such as an operating system, a server, a storage device or network resources. A physical server is separated into several virtual server. Each Virtual server performing a different function such as running a different OS.
Exploring Popular Operating Systems

Mac OS X UNIX
Linux
MS-DOS
Slide 76

Chapter 4

Diunggah oleh

Informasi Dokumen

Deskripsi Asli:

Hak Cipta

Format Tersedia

Bagikan dokumen Ini

Bagikan atau Tanam Dokumen

Opsi Berbagi

Apakah menurut Anda dokumen ini bermanfaat?

Apakah konten ini tidak pantas?

Hak Cipta:

Format Tersedia

Chapter 4

Diunggah oleh

Hak Cipta:

Format Tersedia

Chapter 4

104110 Computer Applications.

What You Will Learn . . .

104110 Computer Applications.

What You Will Learn . . .

104110 Computer Applications.

104110 Computer Applications

104110 Computer Applications.

The Operating System (OS): The Computers Traffic Cop

Enabling user interaction with the computer

Operating System Functions

Starting the Computer

Starting the Computer

104110 Computer Applications.

The Operating System

The Operating System

The Operating System

104110 Computer Applications.

The Operating System

The Operating System

104110 Computer Applications.

The Operating System

Second Function: Managing Applications

104110 Computer Applications.

Second Function: Managing Applications

104110 Computer Applications.

Managing Applications (Cont.)

Third Function: Managing Memory

104110 Computer Applications.

Third Function: Managing Memory

104110 Computer Applications.

Third Function: Managing Memory

Fourth Function: Coordinating Tasks (I/O)

104110 Computer Applications.

Fifth Function: Providing the User Interface

User interface functions:

Shut down the computer safely

104110 Computer Applications.

Graphical User Interface (GUI)

Menu-driven User Interface

104110 Computer Applications.

Other functions OS can provide

104110 Computer Applications.

Other functions OS can provide

104110 Computer Applications.

Other functions OS can provide

104110 Computer Applications.

Exploring Popular Operating Systems

104110 Computer Applications.

Stand-Alone Operating System

104110 Computer Applications.

Stand-Alone Operating Systems

Operating Systems Usage

104110 Computer Applications.

Stand-Alone Operating Systems

104110 Computer Applications.

Microsoft Windows 7 (2009)

104110 Computer Applications.

MAC OS ( since 1984) LISA

1st OS to use graphical user interface

104110 Computer Applications.

104110 Computer Applications.

Unix ( early 1970)