Topics
1. 2. 3. 4. Histology of Nerve Tissue Histology of Central nervous System Histology of Peripheral Nervous System Nerve Regeneration
Neurons
Cell body/perikaryon /soma
Dendrites
Axon
Cell body
Cell body : contains of nucleus, surrounding cytoplasma, exclusive of the cell processes.
Ultrastructure of a neuronal cell
body. (From Lentz TL: Cell Fine Structure: An Atlas of Drawings of Whole-Cell Structure. Philadelphia, WB Saunders, 1971.)
Function : trophic center, receptive capabilities. Rough endoplasmic reticulum : highly developed parallel cysternae. Between the cysternae polyribosomes. This cysternae + polyribosomes with appropriate stains basophilic granular areas, called Nissl bodies.
Neuroglia
Glial cells : 10 times abundant than neurons
Glial cells surround both cell bodies and their processes that occupy the interneuronal space
Oligoden drocytes
Microglia
Schwann cells
Ependymal cells
Astrocytes
Astrocytes
Star-shaped cells with multiple radiating processes
Astrocytes with few long processes and located in the white matter fibrous astrocytes Astrocytes with many short-branched processes and located in the grey matter protoplasmic astrocytes
Cerebrum
Neuron types in the cerebral cortex: 1. Pyramidal cells 2. Stellate (granul cells) 3. Cells of Martinotti 4. Fusiform cells 5. Horizontal cells of Cajal
Cerebrum (cont..)
Layers
Cerebellum
Function : coordinates muscular activity and maintain posture & equilibrium. Consist of : 1. Gray matter : Molecular layer Purkinje cell layer
Granular layer
2. White matter
Cerebellum (cont..)
Spinal Cord
Consist of : 1. White matter, in the outer 2. Grey matter, has the shape of butterfly
Meninges
Consists of 3 layer :
1. Dura mater : composed of dense connective tissue, continuous with the periosteum of the skull.
2. Arachnoid : has 2 component : A layer in contact to dura mater A system of trabeculae 3. Pia mater : loose connective tissue containing many blood vessels
Blood-Brain Barrier
BBB, a functional barrier, prevents the passage of some substances, from the blood to the nerve tissue. Supported by :
1. Occluding junction between endothelial cells of blood capillaries of nerve tissue. 2. The expansion of neuroglial cells processes that envelop the capillaries.
B l o o d b r a I n
B A R R IE R
Spinal cord
Subarachnoid space
Perivascular space
Nerve fibers
Consist of axons enveloped by a special sheath derived from cells of ectodermal origin. The sheath cell of
PNS Schwann cell CNS oligodendrocyte
Axon of small diameter unmyelinated nerve fibers Thicker axons myelinated nerve fibers
Nerve fibers
E : epineurim P : perineurium F : fasiculus V : blood vessels
Nerve fibers
Nerve fiber
Nerve fibers
Electron microscope of a peripheral nerve containing both myelinated (M) and unmyelinated (U) nerve fibers.
Ganglia
Ganglia are ovoid structures containing neuronal cell bodies and glial cells supported by connective tissue. They serve as relay stations to transmit nerve impulses. There are Sensory ganglia & Autonomic ganglia.
Sensory Ganglia
Receive afferent impulses that go to CNS. Two types :
Cranial ganglia : associated with cranial nerves. Spinal ganglia : associated with the dorsal root of the spinal nerves.
Large neuronal cell bodies with prominent fine Nissl bodies surrounded by abundant small glial cells called satellite cells.
Autonomic Ganglia
Appear as bulbous dilatation in autonomic nerves. Usually have multipolar neurons. Have neuronal perikaryons with fine Nissl bodies. Enveloped by satellite cells.
Nerve Regeneration
Nerve Regeneration
Nerve cell (neuron) : no regeneration if soma or dendrites injured. But, nerve fiber injured : regeneration (+)
Neuroglia of CNS, Schwann cell & ganglionic satellite cells of PNS : able to divide by mitosis regeneration.