LECTURE NOTES ON

GENERAL PARASITOLOGY

(An introduction)

INTRODUCTION
Parasite is
AN ORGANISM LIVING : PERMANENTLY/TEMPORARILY ON OR INSIDE THE BODY HOST WITH THE INTENTION OF : ACQUIRING PART OR ALL OF ITS FOOD NEED GETTING A PROTECTION FROM ITS HOST

PARASITE, HOST AND PARASITISM

PARASITE : ORGANISM WHICH ACQUIRE ITS FOOD AND PROTECTION FROM ANOTHER ORGANISM

HOST (HOSPICE): ORGANISM HARBORING A PARASITE

PARASITISM IS :
CROSS RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN A PARASITE AND ITS HOST

PARASITE TERMINOLOGY
PARASITE GROUPING : Obligatory ( Permanent, absolute) cannot live free in nature Opportunistic (Facultative) free living but can become parasite if there is an opportunity Spurious by chance, very rare Endoparasite Ectoparasite

PARASITE TERMINOLOGY
OBLIGATORY PARASITES Organisms that cannot exist without a host. . Organisms that take up a permanent residence in, and are completely dependent upon the host

PARASITE TERMINOLOGY
FACULTATIVE PARASITE (opportunistic parasite) Organism that under favorable circumstances may live either a parasitic or free living existence . Parasites are capable of leading both a free and a parasitic existence For example : - Free living amoeba (Naegleria and Acanthamoeba )

PARASITE TERMINOLOGY
COPROZOIC ( SPURIOUS PARASITE )

Is a foreign species that has passed through the alimentary tract without infecting the host (copro : faeces; Greek)

PARASITE TERMINOLOGY
ECTO PARASITE

- Lives on the outside (infestation) - That are attached to the skin or that temporarily invade the superficial tissues of the hosts body.
ENDOPARASITE -

Lives within the body of the host ( infection )

HOST
Definitive

Host Intermediate Host Paratenic Host Vector/Transmitter

HOST
DEFINITIVE HOST
Harbors the adult or sexual stage of the parasite The host in which the parasite reaches sexual maturity and where the adult form of the parasite usually resides, or in which sexual stages of reproduction occur.

HOST
INTERMEDIATE HOST host where the immature form or larva form usually resides or where asexual reproduction occur

HOST
PARATENIC HOST host that harbors the parasite in an arrested state of development,however,the parasite is capable of continuing its cycle in a subsequent suitable host VECTOR Hosts that transmit parasites to man if essential in the life cycle are biologic vectors, and if not essential are mechanical vectors

PARASITOLOGY, BACTERIOLOGY AND VIROLOGY

PROTOZOA ZOOPARASIT HELMINTHS METAZOA ARTHROPODA PARASIT FUNGUS PHYTOPARASIT BAKTERI

(PARASITOLOGY)

MYCOLOGY

BACTERIOLOGY

SPIROCHAETA DAN VIRUS

VIROLOGY

ZOOPARASITE : PROTOZOA Unicellular with eucaryocytic cellular structures Include intestinal parasites and blood and tissue parasites All are small,invisible without a microscope All have the life cycles outside the human host, and most can multiply in humans Infection is by ingestion, inhalation or insect bite All have a fragile trophozoite stage and most have a resistant cyst form

ZOOPARASITE : METAZOA

Multicellular parasite, with eucaryote cellular structures Include Nematodes (round worms), Trematodes (flukes), cestodes (tapeworm) and Arthropods All are large ,visible without a microscope All have life cycles outside the human host and most cannot multiply in humans Infection is by ingestion,skin penetration or by insect bite Eosinophilia is found in almost all helminth infection

NUMBER OF HOST

One

(Monoxenous): Enterobius vermicularis More than one (Heteroxenous): Clonorchis sinensis, Schistosoma japonicum, Trichinella spiralis

METHOD OF PARASITE ENTRY (PORT DENTRE)

Oral route Skin penetration Insect bite Nasal Inhalation Transplacental (Congenital) Transmammary Sexual Blood Transfusion Tissue Transplantation

PARASITE LIFE CYCLE

To study the parasite life cycle, there is need to know :

Source of infection (reservoir) Site/method of entry of parasite into the host Physical changes of parasite occurring inside the host

PARASITE LIFE CYCLE

The knowledge on life cycle is needed in relation to :

Treatment Prevention Control/eradication

PARASITE LIFE CYCLE

Reproduction may occur two ways : Sexual Asexual In term of sexual organ, parasite may be : Hermaphrodite, or Sexually separate (male and female)

EPIDEMIOLOGY AND GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION

Epidemiology depends on : Source of infection Environmental condition Availability of vector transmitter (for infection requiring a vector) Population condition (crowding, cultural habit, level of education)

EPIDEMIOLOGY AND GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION

Geographical distribution of parasite : Cosmopolitan Regional Local

EPIDEMIOLOGY AND GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION

10 most important parasite of the world :

Ascaris lumbricoides Hookworm Plasmodium sp. (malaria) Trichuris trichiura Amoeba Filaria Schistosoma sp. Giardia lamblia Trypanosoma sp. Leishmania sp

GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION

GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION

GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION

GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION

GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION

CHARACTERISTIC OF DISEASES CAUSED BY PARASITE

Parasite cause no tissue damage Cause no clinical symptoms

parasite

PARASITES HAVE GREAT ABILITY TO ADAPT

host

CHARACTERISTIC OF DISEASES CAUSED BY PARASITE

PARASITE

PATHOGEN
host

Malnutrition Decrease in immunities

Case Examples
(of common parasites of man) 1. Filariasis/Elephantiasis 2. Amoebiasis/A. dysenteria 3. Ascariasis

Filariasis
Primary cause of Filariasis
Wuchereria

bancrofti Brugia malayi Brugia timori

Life Cycle of B. malayi

Amebiasis Case of Amebic dysenteria

Etiological cause: Entamoeba histolytica

Trophozoite forms

Cyst forms

Detailed parts of Protozoa

Nucleoplasm
Ektoplasma

Nuclear Membrane

Endoplasma Kariosom NUCLEUS Inti Vakuola

Karyosome Chromatine granule

Ascariasis

Etiological cause: Ascaris lumbricoides

TAXONOMY AND NOMENCLATURE

Name of parasite should be written in Greek or Latin words

Using Binomial Nomenclature Following the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature Example : Ascaris lumbricoides

Once again!
10 most important parasite of the world :

Ascaris lumbricoides Hookworm Plasmodium sp. (malaria) Trichuris trichiura Amoeba Filaria Schistosoma sp. Giardia lamblia Trypanosoma sp. Leishmania sp

Thank you
Terimakasih

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