Composite Material

The term composite refers to a 3-D combination of at least two clinically different materials with a distinct interface separating the components and the significance of the combination is that it provide properties that are superior to those of individual components.

HISTORY

1950 - Silicate cements & unfilled resins.

1955 - Dr. Michael Bunocore-Acid etching.

1956 - R.L. Bowen introduced BIS-GMA. 1972 - Bowen and Cleek Radiopacity 1980 - Fusayama - DBA

Composition :Overview

Coupling agent

Filler

Matrix

Composition & Structure

Monomer Diluent Initiator-accelerator system

:Matrix

or Oligomers.

Other

Inhibitor UV light absorbers Pigments and Opacifiers

additives

Composition & Structure

Oligomers.

: Matrix

Bis-GMA. UDMA.

Composition & Structure

:Resin matrix

High-molecular-weight.

Extremely viscous Chemical structure

TEGDMA

Diluent monomer

Low molecular weight compound. To get clinically usable consistency. Higher filler volume can be added.

TEGDMA (triethylene glycol dimethacrylate) MMA EDMA (ethylene glycol dimethacrylate)

Disadvantage
More Diluent >>>>> More polymerization shrinkage

Composition & Structure

:Resin matrix

Oligomers Diluent Other additives in resin matrix

Activator-initiator systems Inhibitor UV light absorbers Pigments Opacifiers

Initiator-activator system
Free radical Chemical Activator Light Initiator

C=C +C=C
Polymerization

activated composite resin

Chemically &Light

Chemical activated resin

Two pastes

Initiator Activator

:Benzoyl peroxide :Tertiary amine

Advantages : Any thickness can be built up in a single sitting. Disadvantages : Limited WT Entrapment of air O2 inhibition

Light activated resin

Commonly used than chemical-cured Single paste in an opaque syringe Activator

UV-light : Visible blue light : peak wavelength ~ 470-480nm. Direct viewing will damage the eye 0.2-0.7% Camphoroquinone + 0.15% amine activator

Photoinitiator

Advantages : More WT Polymerisation is rapid Less porosity & staining Increased srength Disadvantages : Incremental technique Shrinkage towards light Poor accessibility in posterior areas Longer exposure time for darker shades Sensitive to room illumination

Visible light source

The radiation beam is transmitted to the tooth surface by a quartz bulb with a tungsten filament in halogen environment. LED lamps PAC lamps ARGON laser lamps

Other additives

Inhibitor

Minimal or prevent spontaneous polymerization Butylated hydroxy toluene 0.01 wt% Hydroquinone

Pigments (metal oxide) : Cd, Ni, Fe, Cu, Sn Opacifiers :

Titanium dioxide Aluminum oxide

Fillers

Significantly improves the properties of the matrix Decrease Polymerization shrinkage Water sorption, softening & staining Coefficient of thermal expansion Increase Workability Strength Radiopacity Sr & Ba

Filler particles

Factors in determining the properties

Filler volume level Size and size distribution of filler Radiopacity Hardness

Types of fillers Quartz Colloidal silica [0.04microns] Glasses or ceramics [Ba, Zn, Y] Organic fillers [5-30microns]

Coupling agent

Bond filler to resin matrix. Increase physical & mechanical properties Provide hydrolytic stability Most common:

Organosilane & vinyl silanes [3-Methacryloxy propyl trimethoxy silane] Zirconates Titanates

Coupling agent

Type of composite resin

:By filler size
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Macrofilled

Microfilled

Macrofilled composite
First type of composite, Since 1960s Quartz filler, 8-12 70-80% by weight, 60-65%V Adequate strength & physical property

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Macrofilled composite
High roughness Feel rough to dental explorer Plaque accumulation & staining Difficult to polish Low wear resistance Class IV & II

Microfilled composite
Marketed in late 1970s Very smooth surface Colloildal silica particle size 0.04-0.4) m

50%W Very high surface area High coefficient of thermal expansion, water absorption & polymerisation shrinkage

Microfilled composite
Clinical application

Class III, V Esthetic area Not be used in stress-bearing situation (Class

I,II,IV)

Pre polymerised filler

Current pattern microfill composite

Microfilled composite
:Fillers >> Currently used for microfilled

Prepolymerized filler (Reinforced / Composite / Organic filler) Sinter the colloidal silica Silane coating done

Prepolymerized with monomer and ground to 10-20 particles 32-50%v, 50-60%W Agglomerated microfiller still has smooth surface

Small particle composite

Developed in 1980s Acceptable strength & wear (cl I &II) 1-5 average

2 or more size fine particle

Filler are Quartz & glass 80%W, 60-65%V

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Small particle composite

:Fillers
Clinical application

Class I & II - Improved strength Anterior - class IV

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Small particle composite

:Fillers

Roughness Microfilled < Small particle< Macrofilled

Hybrid composite
Since late 1980s Colloidal silica & heavy metal glasses 0.4 -1 Clinical used

Small-medium class I & IIStrong & wear resistance Class III & IV ..Polishable & strong All-purpose
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Hybrid composite
:Fillers

Physical & mechanical properties

Small particle~Hybrid> Macrofilled>Microfilled

Microfilled > Hybrid ~ small particle >Macrofilled

Surface smoothness

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Classification by filler size & distribution

Mega filled Macro filled [ 10-100microns] Midifilled [ 1-10microns] Minifilled [ 0.1-1microns] Microfilled [0.01- 0.1microns] Nanofilled [0.005- 0.01microns]

Mode of presentation
2 paste system Single paste system

Classification based on consistency

Light body Medium body Heavy body

Classification by polymerization

Chemically activated polymerization (cold curing,

chemical curing or self curing)

Light activated polymerization

UV Light Visible light

Dual-curing
Contain both Photoinitiator & Chemical initiator Light activation, followed by chemical Stage curing

Classification by clinical application

Microfilled composite Posterior composite All-purpose composite Flowable composite Condensable / packable composite

Working & setting time

Initial set

Complete set at 24 hrs

layer

75% polymerized in first 10 min

Polymerization inhibited by O2 Oxygen inhibiting

Reach optimal properties

Polymerisation shrinkage

Hybrid : 0.6-1.4% Microfilled : 2-3%

Polymerized stress :high as 13-18 MPa

Self cure

Light cure

Polymerisation shrinkage

Reduced by Incremental technique. Stage curing.

Coefficient of thermal expansion

Small particle 25-38 x 10-6 Microfilled 55-68 x 10-6 Dentin 8.3 x 10-6 Enamel 11.4 x 10-6 Thermal stress place strain to the resin/tooth bonding interface

Physical properties

Water sorption

Small particle Microfilled

0.3-0.6 mg/cm2 1.2-2.2 mg/cm2

Water solubility

0.01-0.06 mg/cm2 Depend on degree of polymerization

Color stability Resistant to oxidation change Susceptible to staining

Degree of conversion
The percentage of consumed carbon double bond The higher DC, the better strength and wear resistance.

C-factor/Configuration factor
Ratio between the bonded surface area to the unbonded surface area. Higher the C-factor more the bond disruption.

Compressive strength and modulus of elasticity CS highest for small particle. Modulus of elasticity <<< enamel. Knoop hardness

Composite Enamel Amalgam

22-80 343 110

Depth of cure Microfilled scatter more light Longer exposure times are needed for microfilled Wear rates average 50 /year Wear resistance Macrofilled < Microfilled < Small particle ~ Hybrid

Biocompatibility

Chemical toxicity Pure components found cytotoxic in vitro

Bis-GMA estrogenic. UDMA, TEGDMA

Unpolymerized resin is more toxic

Clinical application
Esthetic filling materials Posterior restoration Direct filling Inlays, Onlays Cementation: Unfilled resin Adhesive: Unfilled resin

Class I & II Class III,IV & V Class VI Core build ups Esthetic enhancement Midline diasthema Peg laterals Canine reshaping Veneering

Luting agents. Interim restorations Miscellaneous Periodontal splinting Repair of fractured ceramic crown. Fixing orthodontic brackets

High caries risk & poor oral hygiene Heavy occlusal stresses Access & isolation difficulties Sub gingival extension Limited operator skill & knowledge

Aesthetically pleasing Conserve tooth structure Micro mechanical bonding Low thermal conduction Command set Repairable Can be polished in the same appointment

Polymerisation shrinkage Technique sensitivity Time consuming Expensive Difficult to polish & finish High coefficient of thermal expansion Microleakage

Flowable. Condensable/packable. Ormocer. Ion releasing composite resin. Nanofilled composites. Compomers. Ceromer. FRC.

INSPITE OF ALL ITS DRAW BACKS COMPOSITE REMAINS AS THE MOST ACCEPTED ESTHETIC RESTORATIVE MATERIAL IN DENTISTRY.