Renal Functions
1: Regulation of Water and Electrolyte
Balance 2: Excretion of Metabolic Waste 3: Excretion of Bioactive Substances (Hormones and Many Foreign Substances, Specifically Drugs) That Affect Body Function 4: Regulation of Arterial Blood Pressure
Production Erythropoietin is secreted by the renal cells (particular group cells in the interstitium). 6: Regulation of Vitamin D Production The active form of vitamin D (1,25dihydroxyvitamin D3), is actually made in the kidneys, 7: Gluconeogenesis Most gluconeogenesis occurs in the liver, but a substantial fraction occurs in the kidneys, particularly during a prolonged
lies an interstitium, which comprises less than 10% of the renal volume. The interstitium contains scattered interstitial cells (fibroblasts and others) that synthesize an extracellular matrix of collagen, proteoglycans, and glycoproteins.
The Nephron
Each kidney
contains approximately 1 million nephrons, Each nephron consists of a spherical filtering component, called the renal corpuscle, and a tubule extending from the
Juxtaglomerular cell
Capsule space
Efferent arteriole
Proximal convoluted tubule Endothelium of glomerulus Pedicel
Podocyte
glomerular capillaries, a rather thick basement membrane, and a singlecelled layer of epithelial cells the endothelial cells of the capillaries, is perforated by many large fenestrae ("windows"), like a slice of Swiss cheese, and is freely permeable to everything in the blood except red blood cells and platelets
filtration slit
fenestrated endothelium
filtration slit
fenestrated endothelium podocyte primary cell body process
a gel-like acellular meshwork of glycoproteins and proteoglycans, like a kitchen sponge. The epithelial cells that rest on the basement membrane and face Bowman's space are called podocytes. Small "fingers," called pedicels (or foot processes), extend from each arm of the podocyte and are embedded in the basement membrane. Pedicels interdigitate with the pedicels from
constitute the path through which the filtrate, once through the endothelial cells and basement membrane, travels to enter Bowman's space. The functional significance of this anatomic arrangement is that it permits the filtration of large volumes of fluid from the capillaries into Bowman's space but restricts filtration of large plasma proteins such as albumin.
part of the glomerulus between and within capillary loops. act as phagocytes and remove trapped material from the basement membrane, also contain large numbers of myofilaments and can contract in response to a variety of stimuli in a manner similar to vascular smooth muscle cells
The Tubule
closest to Bowman's capsule (between the afferent and efferent arterioles) are specialized cells known as the macula densa. the tubular epithelium has a one-cell thickness throughout, however, beginning in the second half of the distal convoluted tubule, 2 cell types are found in most of the remaining segments.
in the particular segment, is considered specific for that segment, intercalated cells are individual cells that Interspersed among the segmentspecific cells , type A and B
(and none of the erythrocytes) entering the glomerulus is filtered from the glomerulus into Bowman's capsule. Gambar
Categories of Nephrons
(1) In superficial cortical
nephrons, (2) in midcortical nephrons, (3) the juxtamedullary nephrons, All juxtamedullary nephrons have long loops, which extend into the inner medulla, often to the tip of a papilla.
which are differentiated smooth muscle cells in the walls of the afferent arterioles; (2) extraglomerular mesangial cells; and (3) macula densa cells, specialized thick ascending limb epithelial cells.
the hormone renin, a crucial substance for control of renal function and blood pressure. The extraglomerular mesangial cells are morphologically similar to and continuous with the glomerular mesangial cells but lie outside Bowman's capsule. The macula densa cells are detectors of the luminal content of the nephron at the very end of the thick ascending limb and contribute to the control of glomerular
time is known as the glomerular filtration rate (GFR). In a normal young adult male, the GFR is an incredible 180 L/day (125 mL/min)!
sympathetic celiac plexus. Sympathetic signals exert major control over renal blood flow, glomerular filtration, and release of vasoactive substances (the renin-angiotensin system). intrarenal chemical messengers Hormonal signals originate in the adrenal gland, pituitary gland, and heart.
hormones aldosterone and cortisol, and the adrenal medulla secretes the catecholamines epinephrine and norepinephrine. The pituitary gland secretes the hormone arginine vasopressin (also called ADH). The heart secretes hormones, natriuretic peptides, that contribute to signaling
Referensi
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