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Earthquakes
Earthquake is the shaking of the earths crust as a result of the energy released by volcanic activity or shifting of rock layers from the earths interior.

Kinds of Earthquake
Tectonic Earthquake
It occurs when rocks in the earths crust break due to the movement of plate.

Volcanic Earthquake
It is caused by volcanic activity.

 The point within Earth where faulting begins is the focus, or hypocenter. The point directly above the focus on the surface is the epicenter.

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An earthquake is caused by a sudden release of energy in the crust. This energy travels in seismic waves. There are two main types:
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body waves: they can travel through the earth's inner layers. surface waves: they can only move along the surface of the planet.

Intensity
The measure of the damage it does on the surface and its effect to human. It helps determine the size of the are affected by the earthquake. It is usually measured in the Rosi-Forel Scale

Rossi-Forel Scale of Earthquake Intensities

Intensity Scale I II III IV V VI Description Hardly perceptible shock - felt only by an experienced observer under favorable conditions. Extremely feeble shock - felt by a small number of persons at rest. Very feeble shock - felt by several persons at rest. Duration and direction may be perceptible. Sometimes dizziness or nausea experienced. Feeble shock - felt generally indoors, outdoors by a few. Hanging objects swing slightly. Creaking of frames of houses. Shock of moderate intensity - felt generally by everyone. Hanging objects swing freely. Overturning of tall vases and unstable objects. Fairly strong shock - general awakening of those asleep. Some frightened persons leave their houses. Stopping of pendulum clocks. Oscillation of hanging lamps. Slight damage to very old or poorly built structures. Strong shock - overturning of movable objects. General alarm, all run outdoors. Damage slight in well-built houses, considerable in old or poorly built structures, old walls, etc. Some landslides from hills and steep banks. Cracks in road surfaces. Very strong shock - people panicky. Trees shaken strongly. Changes in the flow of springs and wells. Sand and mud ejected from fissures in soft ground. Small landslides. Extremely strong shock - panic general. Partial or total destruction of some buildings. Fissures in ground. Landslides and rockfalls.

VII

VIII IX

Magnitude
The amount of energy released by an earthquake. It uses the Richter Magnitude Scale that measures the number 1-10.

Rossi-Forel Scale of Earthquake Intensities

Magnitude Scale 1 2 3 4 5 6 Description Earthquake with M below 1 are only detectable when an ultra sensitive seismometer is operated under favorable conditions. Most earthquakes with M below 3 are the "hardly perceptible shocks" and are not felt. They are only recorded by seismographs of nearby stations. Earthquake with M 3 to 4 are the "very feeble shocks" and only felt near the epicenter. Earthquakes with M 4 to 5 are the "feeble shocks" where damages are not usually reported. Earthquakes with M 5 to 6 are the "earthquakes with moderate strength" and are felt over the wide areas; some of them cause small local damages near the epicenter. Earthquake with M 6 to 7 are the "strong earthquakes" and are accompanied by local damages near the epicenters. First class seismological stations can observe them wherever they occur within the earth. Earthquake with M 7 to 8 are the "major earthquakes" and can cause considerable damages near the epicenters. Shallow-seated or near-surface major earthquakes when they occur under the sea, may generate tsunamis. First class seismological stations can observe them wherever they occur within the earth. Earthquake with M 8 to 9 are the "great earthquakes" occurring once or twice a year. When they occur in land areas, damages affect wide areas. When they occur under the sea, considerable tsunamis are produced. Many aftershocks occur in areas approximately 100 to 1,000 kilometers in diameter. Earthquakes with M over 9 have never occurred since the data based on the seismographic observations became available.

Magnitude 4.5 quake hits Bohol By Louis Bacani (philstar.com)

MANILA, Philippines - A magnitude 4.5 earthquake hit Bohol on Thursday more than a month after a powerful, deadly tremor jolted the province.

The Philippine Institute for Volcanology and Seismology (Phivolcs) said the quake, which was tectonic in origin, occurred at 5:37 a.m. 52 kilometers northeast of Tagbilaran City, the provincial capital.
Phivolcs said Intensity IV was felt in Mandaue City while Intensity II was experienced in Cebu City. The agency said no damage and aftershocks are expected following the quake. It also did not indicate if the tremor was an aftershock of the magnitude 7.2 earthquake that rattled Central Visayas on October 15. The epicenter of the powerful earthquake last month was traced at Sagbayan town, Bohol. It killed over 200 people and destroyed structures and even centuries-old churches.

Instruments Used to Detect Earthquake

Seismograph Laser Rangefinder Geiger Counter Extensometer

Directions: Describe how an earthquake occurs by writing T if the situation is true and if F it is not true.
1. Pressure from above and beneath the crust causes the plates to move. 2. When energy is released from the moving crustal plates, the surrounding rocks layer trembles and shifts. 3. Records reveal that earthquakes have destroyed valuable properties. 4. The shifting or moving of crustal plates have given rise to tectonic Earthquakes. 5. When magma moves along a fissure, they cause the Earths crust to tremble or shake, too. 6. It occurs when there is a sudden displacement of rocks or rock materials below the crust. 7. The earthquake death toll was about one million in the Syria earthquake in 1201. 8. Volcanic earthquakes are induced by rising lava or magma beneath active volcanoes. 9. Intense heat from the earths interior affects the crustal plates. 10. Felt by small number of persons at rest.

Direction: Choose the letter of the correct answer.

1. Why do great earthquakes occur? a. because of shifting of crustal plates b. because of the waves coming from the ocean c. because of the flowing stream d. because of weak typhoons that hit certain areas. What is the intensity of an earthquake when people become panicky as small landslides occur? a.intensity I c. intensity III b.intensity II d. intensity IV What is the intensity of an earthquake when hanging objects swing freely? a.intensity I c. intensity III b.intensity II d. intensity IV Which of the following factors best refer to the magnitude of an earthquake? a. the amount of an energy released by an earthquake b. the extent of damage of an earthquake c. the vibrations on the earths surface d. the falling of loose rocks What is the magnitude of an earthquake that causes much damage on the land? a. magnitude 6 c. magnitude 8 b. magnitude 7 d. magnitude 9 and over

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