GEN
This research was carried out to study the comparison of non-destructive testing of concrete with the destructive testing of concrete for assessing concrete strength. An experimental research was carried out, involving both destructives and non-destructive testing methods applied to same concrete mix proportion of 1:2:4 at different days strength of concrete ranging from 14 days to 42 days. The specimens of cubes (6"6"6") and cylinders (6" 12") were cast for the purpose of testing samples.
GEN
Statistical and Graphical analysis was used to establish a relationship and comparison between destructives and non-destructive test readings. For the strength estimation by non-destructive testing, two methods are used, one is Rebound hammer test and other is Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity test, which gives the predicted values of the strength of concrete. Direct values of the strength of the testing samples are obtained by crushing the testing samples in Compression testing machine.
NON-DESTRUCTIVE TESTING
There is no standard definition for non-destructive tests as applied to concrete. From some persons,
These are the tests that do not alter the concrete
Non-destructive methods have been in use for about four decades. These methods are relatively simple to perform. In the NDT the specimens are not loaded to failure. These methods can also be used to measure some other properties of concrete such as strength, durability and elastic parameters.
NON-DESTRUCTIVE TESTING
NDT techniques are widely used in the construction industry as a tool for estimating concrete strength. During initial construction stages they can be used to optimize construction time and enhance safety for example removing of formwork early without compromising safety. NDT can also be used to assess residual concrete strength for developing optimal repair mechanisms in deteriorating concrete structures.
Need of NDT
Non-destructive testing is required in following
situations. Confirming or negating doubts concerning the
workmanship
involved
in
batching,
mixing,
placing, compacting or curing of concrete. Monitoring of strength development in relation to formwork removal, end of curing etc.
Need of NDT
Determine the concrete uniformity.
Objectives/Advantages of NDT
Comparison of concrete quality w.r.t a standard. Detection of cracks, voids/ other imperfections. To determine the density and strength of concrete in a structure. To determine the location of reinforcing bars and the cover over the bars. To determine the number and size/diameter of
reinforcing bars.
Fundamental Principle
The Schmidt rebound hammer is principally a surface hardness tester. It works on the principle that the rebound of an elastic mass depends on the hardness of the surface
another reading.
Take 10 readings in similar manner on the test area. Calculate the average of the ten readings.
Rebound number verses compressive strength of cylindrical concrete specimen in lb/in2 (PSi)
Rebound Hammer Readings, Compressive Strength for the Test Specimens (Cubes & Cylinders) & Graphs
Taken Rebound Number = 21 Compressive Strength from graph = 15.8 N/mm2 Compressive Strength in PSi = 2292 PSi
Days
14 21 28 35 42
2900 2800 2700 2600 2500 2400 2300 14 days 2200 28 days 35 days
42 days
21 days
20.5
21
21.5
22
22.5
23
23.5
24
24.5
25
Rebound Number
Time (days)
14 21 28 35 42
2400
2200 2000
1800
1600 1400
1200
1000 Crushing strength (PSi) Compressive strength by Rebound Hammer 14 days 1784.57 2292 21 days 2027.122 2393.1 28 days 2231.71 2611 35 days 2888.5 2872 42 days 2957.3 2900.72
Days
14 21 28 35 42
21.5 23 25 26 26.5
2900 2800 2700 2600 2500 2400 2300 2200 2100 2000 14 days 21 days
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
Rebound Number
Time (days)
14 21 28 35 42
%Age Difference
2400
2200 2000
1800
1600 1400
1200
1000 Crushing strength (PSi) Compressive strength by Rebound Hammer 14 days 1328.2 2100 21 days 1501.5 2300 28 days 1680.8 2700 35 days 2103 2800 42 days 2261.6 2900
Fundamental Principle
A pulse of longitudinal vibrations is produced by an electro-acoustical transducer, which is held in contact with one surface of the concrete under test. A complex system of stress waves develops, and propagates through the concrete. The first waves to reach the receiving transducer are the longitudinal waves, which
Surface arrangement
Advantages
This method is an ideal tool for establishing whether the
concrete is uniform or not This method can be used to locate the position of reinforcement and depth of cracks in the concrete.
Disadvantages
Great care is required for the measurement of pulse velocity Special skill is required to interpret the test results
Cube-2
34.1 34.6 37.5
Cube-3
34.9 36 35.8
Length = L (m)
Velocity = L/T
0.1524
4341.8
0.1524
4305
0.1524
4280.87
(m/sec)
Taken Value = 4309 m/sec Compressive strength from graph = 13 Mpa Compressive Strength in PSi = 1885.46 Psi
Days
14 21 28 35 42
35 days
2800 2600
2400
2200 2000 14 days 1800 4250 4300 4350 21 days 4450 4500 4550 4600 4650 4700 28 days
4400
Time (days)
14 21 28 35 42
2400
2200 2000
1800
1600 1400
1200
1000 14 days 1784.57 21 days 2027.122 1885.46 28 days 2231.71 2175.54 35 days 2888.5 2900 42 days 2957.3 3045.756
Days
14 21 28
35
42
4300
4400
1885.468
2204.54
42 days
1700
1600 1500 1400 1300 1200 4100 14 days 4150 4200 4250
4300
4350
4400
4450
Graph between Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity and Compressive Strength of Cylinders Time (days) 14 21 28 35 42 Crushing strength (PSi) 1328.2 1501.5 1680.8 2103 2261.6 Compressive strength by UPV test 1305.324 1595.4 1725.928 1885.468 2204.54 %Age Difference -1.72% 6.25% 2.68% -10.34% -2.52%
14 days 1328.2
CONCLUSIONS
The results from Rebound Hammer test are with an
CONCLUSIONS
The Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity test gives more reliable
also increases.
REFERENCES
A.M.Neville. Properties of Concrete, Non-Destructive Testing. N.J.Carino, Non-Destructive Testing of Concrete, History And Challenge, Proceeding Of Malhotra Symposium, ACI SP 144-1994. S.K.Duggar, Building Material. M.S.Shetty, Concrete Technology. Kim Watkeys, Ultrasonic Manual. R.F.Feldman, Canadian Building Digest, CBD-187. Non-Destructive Testing of Concrete, May 1977. Guide Book on Non-Destructive Testing of Concrete Structures, International Atomic Agency, Vienna, 2002. V.M.Malhotra and N .J.Carino, Hand Book on Non-Destructive Testing of Concrete, Second Edition. ASTM Standard Test Method for Pulse Velocity through Concrete, C 597-02, Volume 4.02. ASTM Standard Test Method for Rebound Number of Hardened Concrete, C 805-02, Volume 4.02.
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