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Gnathiferans and Smaller Lophotrochozoans

Clade Protostomia divided into two subclades - Lophotrochozoa & Ecdysozoa


most lophotrochozoans are acoelomate (e.g. Platyhelminthes) some phyla well discuss today are acoelomate, others pseudocoelomate RECALL: pseudocoelomate body has an internal cavity (pseudocoelom) surrounding the gut and is only partially lined with mesoderm The pseudocoelom provides a cavity within which digestive, excretory, & reproductive systems can be elaborated from mesoderm The pseudocoelom may be filled with fluid or gelatinous material with mesenchyme cells. It serves as a hydrostatic organ or permits circulation of body fluids. Protostomia Lophotrochozoa Ecdysozoa

Four taxa in the Clade Gnathifera characterized by complex cuticular jaws cuticle tough, flexible non-mineral material; often provides protection Phyla of the Clade Ganthifera Gnathostomulida

Gnathifera

Four taxa in the Clade Gnathifera characterized by complex cuticular jaws cuticle tough, flexible non-mineral material; often provides protection Phyla of the Clade Ganthifera Gnathostomulida Micrognathozoa
Gnathifera

Four taxa in the Clade Gnathifera characterized by complex cuticular jaws cuticle tough, flexible non-mineral material; often provides protection Phyla of the Clade Ganthifera Gnathostomulida Micrognathozoa Rotifera
Gnathifera

Four taxa in the Clade Gnathifera characterized by complex cuticular jaws cuticle tough, flexible non-mineral material; often provides protection Phyla of the Clade Ganthifera Gnathostomulida Micrognathozoa Rotifera Acanthocephala Gnathifera

Four Lophotrochozoan Phyla of unknown relationship to members of the Clade Gnathifera Cycliophora Gastrotricha Entoprocta Ectoprocta

Gnathifera: Phylum Gnathostomulida


called jaw worms very small (< 2mm) members of the meiofauna small animals that live in the interstitial spaces between grains of sand ~ 80 species

Gnathifera: Phylum Gnathostomulida


Form & Function: Epidermis ciliated (each epidermal cell has a single cilium) move by gliding or swimming in spirals or loops Nervous system not well known Feed by scraping bacteria from substrate using jaws on the pharynx body is acoelomate & has blind gut No circulatory system Excretion & gas exchange via diffusion

Reproduction: not well known appear to be hermaphroditic & crossfertilize

Gnathifera: Phylum Micrognathozoa


Only 1 species known, described in 2000 Tiny animal of meiofauna (142 um) body = two-part head, thorax, & abdomen epidermis w/ dorsal plates, ventral w/out locomotion by cilia, ventral adhesive pad 3 pairs of complex jaws complete gut, but anus opens only periodically excretion through 2 pairs of protonephridia Reproductive system not well known Head only female organs found perhaps parthenogenetic Thorax
Abdomen

3 pairs of jaws
1 2 3

Gnathifera: Phylum Rotifera


~ 2000 species 40 um to 3mm long found in many ecological conditions
Benthic, pelagic, aquatic vegetation, meiofauna, epizoic (on body of other animal), parasitic

can endure long periods of desiccation


some have been dried for 4 years prior to reviving after addition of water some can survive extreme temps. (-272 degrees C, -458 degrees F)

Gnathifera: Phylum Rotifera


Form & Function: External Structure ciliated head (corona), Trunk, Foot body non-ciliated & covered w/ cuticle likely contributes to desiccation resistance first appearance of cuticle (important skeletal component in nematodes & arthropods) Mouth located inside corona, cilia aid in feeding & locomotion foot often has 2 to 4 toes ringed cuticle on foot makes foot retractable foot contains pedal glands that secrete adhesive material
Head

Trunk

Foot

Gnathifera: Phylum Rotifera


Form & Function: Internal Structure Digestive system complete with mouth and anus pharynx (mastax) has hardened jaws (trophi) to grind food particles salivary and gastric glands aid in extracellular digestion that occurs in stomach Excretory system w/ 2 protonephridial tubules each with flame cells Nervous system with bi-lobed brain sensory organs = eyespots (photoreception), sensory bristles & antennae in some

Gnathifera: Phylum Rotifera


Reproduction: Dioecious & sexually dimorphic (females larger than males) in some, males are entirely unknown; in others males only exist for a few weeks a year In females repro system contains ovaries & yolk glands (germovitellaria) yolk supplied to developing embryo, rather than through special yolk cells (as in vitellaria of platyhelminths) in female-only groups repro is through parthenogenesis (diploid females produce diploid eggs that hatch into diploid females) mature in a few days

Gnathifera: Phylum Rotifera


Reproduction in Class Monogonata very complex
During most of the year diploid females produce diploid amictic eggs (develop into diploid amictic females) Diploid parthenogenesis amictic eggs are incapable of being fertilized
Amictic female 2N

2N female

Amictic

2N

2N

Diploid Parthenogenesis
2N
Amictic female

2N female

Amictic

Temporary habitats Env. Factors cause amictic eggs to develop into diploid mictic females mictic females produce haploid eggs if not fertilized, develop into males if fertilized, become thick-shelled mictic eggs that are dormant & survive winter favorable conditions return, develop into amictic females

2N
Stimulus: crowding, diet, photoperiod

2N 2N
fertilization

2N

Mictic female

Sexual Reproduction
N
haploid egg

meiosis

N
male

Gnathifera: Phylum Acanthocephala


called spiny-headed worms ~ 1100 species most endoparasitic in intestines of fish, birds, & mammals (rarely humans) intermediate host = arthropods (crustaceans & insects) range in size from 2mm to >1m sexually dimorphic (females larger than males)

Gnathifera: Phylum Acanthocephala


Form & Function body surface covered in crypts has extensible proboscis with many recurved hooks no resp. or digest. system

excretory system w/ protonephridia & flame cells

crypts

Gnathifera: Phylum Acanthocephala


Reproduction: dioecious female repro. System has uterine bell that sorts eggs prior to passing them to the uterus fully developed eggs = long & slender immatures sorted and retained for further development eggs discharged in host feces hatch when eaten by intermediate host

Additional Lophotrochozoan Phyla


Phylum Cycliophora: first discovered in 1995 only 3 species known tiny animals (< mm) very specialized habitat They live on the mouthparts of lobsters! attach to mouthparts using adhesive disc feed using ring of cilia around mouth acoelomate with complete gut epidermis surrounded by cuticle

Adhesive disc

Additional Lophotrochozoan Phyla


Phylum Cycliophora: Life Cycle: complex (sexual & asexual repro) male and female larvae produced by budding male larva released from feeding individual & settles on top of individual containing female larva male larva produces a new male w/ repro organs that mates with the female larva fertilized egg develops inside mother and consumes it newly developed larva swims to new lobster host & produces new feeding animals via budding

Adhesive disc

Additional Lophotrochozoan Phyla


Phylum Gastrotricha: ~450 species found in fresh & brackish water & marine body generally elongated w/ bristles, spines, or scales on the surface tail elongated & forked into adhesive tubes

Additional Lophotrochozoan Phyla


Phylum Gastrotricha: Adhesive tubes have dual-gland system for attachment & release (similar to Turbellarians) no specialized respiratory or circulatory structures acoelomate w/ complete digestive system Mouth, pharynx, stomach-intestine, anus feed on algae, protozoa, & bacteria; use cilia on head digestion appears extracellular, but details unknown excretion through protonephridia, but rather than flame cells they have cylindrical solenocytes with a single flagellum

Additional Lophotrochozoan Phyla


Phylum Gastrotricha: Reproduction: generally hermaphroditic (monoecious) in those with separate sexes, males so rudimentary they are effectively parthenogenetic females similar to rotifers, have rapidly developing thin-shelled eggs & thick-shelled dormant eggs juveniles mature in a few days

Additional Lophotrochozoan Phyla


Phylum Entoprocta: ~150 species tiny (< 5mm), sessile & resemble hydra-like cnidarians tentacles ciliated solitary or colonial All but one marine

Additional Lophotrochozoan Phyla


Phylum Entoprocta: Form & Function body called the calyx which has a crown of tentacles attaches to substrate by stalk w/ adhesive disc gut is U-shaped, mouth & anus open inside circle of tentacles Entoprocta actually means anus within cilia generate water currents for feeding Digestion extracellular Excretion by protonephridia & flame cells circulatory & respiratory systems absent
Calyx

Reproduction some dioecious Stalk some monoecious most protandrous hermaphrodites first produces sperm and then eggs Adhesive disc

Additional Lophotrochozoan Phyla


Phylum Ectoprocta (also called Bryzoans moss animals): Representative of group of animals characterized by feeding structure called lophophore (unique arrangement of ciliated tentacles attached to body wall) ~4500 species sessile & colonial both freshwater & marine

Additional Lophotrochozoan Phyla


Phylum Ectoprocta (also called Bryzoans moss animals): Form & Function: each individual of a colony is a zooid zooids live in chamber called zoecium (secreted by epiderm.) gelatinous, chitin, or calcium (can be fibrous & flexible or quite hard) body = polypide & cystid
polypide includes feeding structures, digestive tract, & muscles cystid includes body wall & secreted exoskeleton (zoecium)

zooids

Additional Lophotrochozoan Phyla


Phylum Ectoprocta (also called Bryzoans moss animals): Form & Function: live a type of jack in the box existence
Pop up to feed, can quickly retract when disturbed

zoecium has small trap-door called an operculum cilia on tentacles for feeding complete U-shaped gut, anus open outside of feeding tentacles (hence the name) Digestion extracellular in stomach, intracellular in intestine no resp., circ., or excretory organs no specialized sense organs

Additional Lophotrochozoan Phyla


Phylum Ectoprocta (also called Bryzoans moss animals): Reproduction: Most hermaphroditic Each colony begins with a single zooid that settles & develops into an adult called an ancestrula ancestrula buds asexually producing a colony of zooids

Figure 9_10b

Statoblast from freshwater ectoproct Cristatella

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g1H3e0I ynso&feature=related http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=utPtyce R_YY

Fluid-filled space within the mesoderm

Fluid-filled space within the mesoderm

Importance:
Mesodermal lining of coelom provided attachment-points for organs (mesentaries) ideal locations for vessel networks suspended alimentary canal allowed greater specialization of organ systems allowed evolution of larger, more complex animals

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