Chapter 1

Introduction

1.1 WCDMA in Third-Generation Systems 1.2 Spectrum Allocations for Third-Generation Systems 1.3 Requirements for Third-Generation Systems 1.4 WCDMA and its Evolution 1.5 System Evolution

1.1 WCDMA in Third Generation Systems

1G systems analog cellular systems 2G systems digital cellular systems voice communications, text messaging and internet access e.g., GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications), PDC (Personal Digital Cellular), cdmaOne (IS-95) and US-TDMA (IS-136)

 3G systems designed for multimedia communication applications person-to-person communication can be enhanced with high-quality images and video access to information and services on public and private networks will be enhanced by higher data rates and new flexible communication capabilities

 WCDMA (Wideband Code Division Multiple Access) emerged as the most widely adopted 3G air interface specification has been created in 3GPP (the 3rd Generation Partnership Project), which is the joint standardization project of the standardization bodies from Europe, Japan, Korea, USA and China

 Within 3GPP WCDMA is called UTRA (Universal Terrestrial Radio Access) FDD (Frequency Division Duplex) and TDD (Time Division Duplex) the term WCDMA being used to cover both FDD and TDD operations UTRA is the radio access part of the Universal Mobile Telephone System (UMTS) network

1.2 Spectrum Allocations for Third Generation Systems

Work to develop 3G mobile systems 1992, started with the World Administrative Radio Conference (WARC) of the ITU (International Telecommunications Union) WARC-92 identified the frequencies around 2 GHz that were available for use by future International Mobile Telephony 2000 (IMT-2000) mobile systems, both terrestrial and satellite WRC-2000World Radiocommunication Conference 2000 (Istanbul, Turkey 8 May-2 June 2000)

WARC-92 IMT-2000 Frequencies

 WARC-92

Channel spacing is a term used in radio frequency planning. It describes the frequency difference between adjacent allocations in a frequency plan. Channel raster is 200 kHz, which means that the carrier frequency must be a multiple of 200 kHz.

1920-1980 and 2110-2170 MHz Frequency Division Duplex (FDD, W-CDMA) Paired uplink and downlink, channel spacing is 5 MHz and raster is 200 kHz. An Operator needs 3 - 4 channels (2x15 MHz or 2x20 MHz) to be able to build a high-speed, high-capacity network. 1900-1920 and 2010-2025 MHz Time Division Duplex (TDD, TD/CDMA) Unpaired, channel spacing is 5 MHz and raster is 200 kHz. Tx and Rx are not separated in frequency. 1980-2010 and 2170-2200 MHz Satellite uplink and downlink.

WRC-2000 IMT-2000 Frequencies

 WRC-2000
Identified the bands 1710 - 1885 and 2500 - 2690 MHz for IMT-2000 Identified those parts of the band 806 - 960 MHz which are allocated to the mobile service on a primary basis Admitted that High Altitude Platform Stations (HAPS) may use the WARC-92 frequency bands for terrestrial IMT-2000 on restrictive conditions

 Decided that the frequency bands 1525 - 1544, 1545 - 1559, 1610 - 1626.5, 1626.5 - 1645.5, 1646.5 - 1660.5 and 2483.5 2500 MHz may be used for the satellite component of IMT2000, as well as the bands 2500 - 2520 MHz and 2670- 2690 MHz, depending on market developments Decided that "the bands, or portions of the bands, 1710 1885 MHz and 2500 - 2690 MHz, are identified for use by administrations wishing to implement International Mobile Telecommunications-2000 (IMT-2000). This identification does not preclude the use of these bands by any application of the services to which they are allocated and does not establish priority in the Radio Regulations

 The WCDMA system is specified in 3GPP for all the following frequency bands IMT-2000 mobile spectrum around 2 GHz, 800 900 MHz and 2.6 GHz further frequencies 700 MHz band in USA 2.3 GHz (Wireless Communication Services (WCS) band in USA part of the existing broadcast frequencies between 400 and 700 MHz

Frequency Allocation around 2 GHz

Frequency Allocation around 800900 MHz

Frequency Allocation around 2.6 GHz

1.3 Requirements for Third-Generation Systems

2G air interfaces GSM IS-95 (the standard for cdmaOne) PDC (Personal Digital Cellular) US-TDMA 2G systems were built mainly to provide speech services in macro cells

 New requirements of 3G systems bit rates up to 2 Mbps variable bit rate to offer bandwidth on demand multiplexing of services with different quality requirements on a single connection, e.g. speech, video and packet data delay requirements from delay-sensitive real time traffic to flexible best-effort packet data

 quality requirements from 10% frame error rate to 10-6 bit error rate co-existence of 2G and 3G systems and intersystem handovers for coverage enhancements and load balancing support of asymmetric uplink and downlink traffic e.g. web browsing causes more loading to downlink than to uplink high spectrum efficiency

Main differences between WCDMA and GSM networks

 Main differences between WCDMA/High Speed Packet Access (HSPA) and GSM/Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE) networks, e.g.
the larger bandwidth of 5MHz (vs. 200kHz) is needed to support higher bit rates HSPA Release 7 adds a Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) multi-antenna solution higher order modulation 64QAM to support even higher data rates HSPA pushes more functionalities to the base station and allows flat architecture, which improves the efficiency and the Quality of Service (QoS) capabilities for packet services

 Terms carrier a carrier wave, or carrier is a waveform (usually sinusoidal) that is modulated (modified) to represent the information to be transmitted diversity the property of being made up of two or more different elements, media, or methods notein communications, diversity is usually used to provide robustness, reliability, or security

 frequency diversity the process of receiving a radio signal or components of a radio signal on multiple channels (different frequencies) or over a wide radio channel (wide frequency band) to reduce the effects of radio signal distortions (such as signal fading) that occur on one frequency component but do not occur (or not as severe) on another frequency component

Graph of a Waveform and the Distorted Versions of the Same Waveform

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 power control WCDMA uses fast closed loop power control in both uplink and downlink the downlink fast power control improves link performance and enhances downlink capacity

Close-loop Power Control

 WCDMAuplink power control cell (block) UE1UE2 spreading code UE1cell path lossUE2 BS UE1UE2power control powerUE1 UE2 near-far problem of CDMA BS

 open-loop power control ()

downlink beacon signal path loss WCDMA uplinkdownlink uplink/downlinkfast fading open-loop power controlUE power setting

 fast closed-loop power control

open-loop power control uplink BS(1.5kHz)SIR target SIR measured SIR > target SIRBS UE power measured SIR < target SIRBS UE power path lossfast Rayleigh fading

 downlink cellUEBS Rayleigh fadingBS

Outer Loop Power Control

 outer-loop power control

target SIR setpoint radio link connection uplinkframe error rate (FER)bit error rate (BER) BStarget SIR setpoint power

1.4 WCDMA and its Evolution

Evolution European research work on WCDMA initiated in the European Union research projects CODIT (UMTS Code Division Testbed) FRAMES (Future Radio widebAnd Multiple accEss Systems) within large European wireless communications companies, at the start of the 1990s

 CODIT and FRAMES projects also produced WCDMA trial systems to evaluate link performance generated the basic understanding of WCDMA necessary for standardization in January 1998 the European standardization body ETSI decided upon WCDMA as the 3G air interface detailed standardization work has been carried out as part of the 3GPP standardization process the first full set of specifications was completed at the end of 1999, called Release 99

 3GPP specified important evolution steps on top of WCDMA Release 5: High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA), commercially deployed in 2005 Release 6: High Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA), commercially deployed in 2007 Release 7: commercially deployed in 2009 HSPA evolution is also known as HSPA+

 3GPP also specify a new radio system called LongTerm Evolution (LTE), where the target for finalizing 3GPP standardization is during 2007 Release-7 and -8 solutions for HSPA evolution will be worked in parallel with LTE development, and some aspects of LTE work are also expected to reflect on HSPA evolution

Standardization and Commercial Operation Schedule for WCDMA and its Evolution

 Peak data rate evolution for WCDMA

WCDMA Release 99 in theory enabled 2 Mbps, but in practice gave 384 kbps HSPA in Release 5 and Release 6 pushes the peak rates to 14 Mbps in downlink and 5.7 Mbps in uplink HSPA evolution in Release 7 brings a maximum 28 Mbps in downlink and 11 Mbps in uplink LTE will then further push the peak rates beyond 100 Mbps in downlink and 50 Mbps in uplink by using a 20 MHz bandwidth

Peak Data Rate Evolution for WCDMA

1.5 System Evolution

WCDMA is designed for coexistence with GSM, including seamless handovers and dual-mode handsets Most of WCDMA networks are deployed on top of the existing GSM network LTE is designed for coexistence with GSM and WCDMA

System Evolution