Chemiosmosis and ATP Synthase

JACKIE SARALEGUI

The Stages of Aerobic Respiration

1. Glycolysis 2. Formation of

acetyl CoA 3. The Krebs Cycle 4. Oxidative Phosphorylation (this is where chemiosmosis and ATP synthase come into play)

 Most of the energy (ATP) produced during cell

respiration occurs in the mitochondria during stage 4: oxidative phosphorylation in this stage, electrons are transferred from electron carriers to oxygen, resulting in ATP synthesis

The Electron Transport Chain (ETC)

As electrons are removed from molecules of glucose

they are transferred to readied hydrogen carrier molecules: NADH and FADH2 NADH and FADH2 shuttle electrons to the ETC, and the hydrogen atoms are split into hydrogen ions and electrons: H22H+ + 2e-

ETC cont
The high-energy electrons from NADH and FADH2

are passed down the ETC, which is a series of protein carrier molecules that are embedded in the cristae (the membrane along the inner membrane of a mitochondrion) the electrons travel down the ETC until they reach the final electron acceptor, oxygen water is formed

Chemiosmosis
Some of the energy released from the ETC is used to

pump hydrogen ions across the inner mitochondrial membrane to the intermembrane space

Chemiosmosis cont
The pumping of hydrogen ions into the

intermembrane space creates a pH gradient, or proton gradient the potential energy established in this gradient is responsible for the production of ATP

ATP Synthase
These hydrogen ions can diffuse across the inner

membrane only by passing through channels called ATP synthase (or ATP synthetase)
the flow of protons through these channels produces ATP by combining ADP and Pi on the matrix side of the channel

Chemiosmosis and ATP Synthase in Photosynthesis

Like in aerobic respiration, during photosynthesis

Energy from the ETCs help create a proton gradient of H+ ions These H+ move through the ATP synthase pump to phosphorylate ADP into ATP (chemiosmosis) ATP is made crossing an inner membrane

Chemiosmosis and ATP Synthase in Photosynthesis cont

BUT- in aerobic respiration, the ATP synthase is

found on the inner mitochondrial membrane in the mitochondria and in photosynthesis it is found on the thylakoid membrane in the chloroplasts

 Chemiosmosis is the key to the production of ATP in both

photosynthesizing and non-photosynthesizing organisms

The process is similar to how a hydroelectric plant converts

the enormous potential energy of water flowing through a dam to turn turbines and generate

electricity
Stage 4 produces 32 ATP!

Another Helpful Diagram:

Citations
Campbell, Neil A., and Jane B. Reece. Biology. San

Francisco: Pearson, Benjamin Cummings, 2005. Print. Goldberg, Deborah T. "Chemiosmosis." AP Biology. Hauppauge, NY: Barron's Educational Series, 2010. N. pag. Print. Magloire, Kim. "Chemiosmosis." Cracking the AP Biology Exam. New York: Random House, 2010. N. pag. Print. "Chemiosmosis." - Definition from Biology-Online.org. N.p., n.d. Web. 02 Dec. 2013. http://student.ccbcmd.edu/~gkaiser/biotutorials/photosy n/fg5.html

Image citations
http://student.ccbcmd.edu/~gkaiser/biotutorials/energy

/atpsynthase_il.htm http://faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu/faculty/michael.gregor y/files/bio%20101/bio%20101%20lectures/cellular%20r espiration/cellular.htm http://library.thinkquest.org/27819/ch4_7.shtml http://www.uic.edu/classes/bios/bios100/lectures/respi ration.htm http://www2.nau.edu/~fpm/bio205/u4fg36.html http://cnx.org/content/m46451/latest/ http://student.ccbcmd.edu/~gkaiser/biotutorials/photo syn/fg5.html