Chapter 7 Slides

Slides for Chapter 7: Operating System support
From Coulouris, Dollimore, Kindberg and Blair
Distributed Systems: Concepts and Design

Edition 5, Addison-Wesley 2012
Figure 7.1 System layers
Applications, serv ic es Middleware
OS: kernel, libraries & serv ers
OS1 Proc es ses, threads , communication, ... Computer & network hardware Node 1
OS2 Proc es ses, threads , communication, ... Computer & network hardware Node 2
Platf orm
Instructors Guide for Coulouris, Dollimore, Kindberg and Blair, Distributed Systems: Concepts and Design Edn. 5 Pearson Education 2012
Figure 7.2 Core OS functionality
Proc es s manager
Communic ation manager
Thread m anager Superv is or
Memory manager
Figure 7.3 Address space
2N
Auxiliary regions
Stac k
Heap
Text 0
Figure 7.4 Copy-on-write
Process As address space
Process Bs address space
RA
RB copied from RA
RB
Kernel Shared frame

B's page table
A's page table
a) Before write
b) After write
Figure 7.5 Client and server with threads
Thread 2 makes requests to server Thread 1 generates results Receipt & queuing
Input-output
T1 Requests N threads Client Server
Figure 7.6 Alternative server threading architectures (see also Figure 7.5)
work ers I/O remote objec ts
per-c onnec tion threads
per-objec t threads I/O remote objec ts
remote objec ts
a. Thread-per-request
b. Thread-per-c onnection
c. Thread-per-objec t
Figure 7.7 State associated with execution environments and threads
Execution environment Thread Address space tables Saved processor registers Communication interfaces, open files Priority and execution state (such as BLOCKED) Semaphores, other synchronization Software interrupt handling information objects List of thread identifiers Execution environment identifier Pages of address space resident in memory; hardware cache entries
Figure 7.8 Java thread constructor and management methods

Thread(ThreadGroup group, Runnable target, String name) Creates a new thread in the SUSPENDED state, which will belong to group and be identified as name; the thread will execute the run() method of target. setPriority(int newPriority), getPriority() Set and return the threads priority. run() A thread executes the run() method of its target object, if it has one, and otherwise its own run() method (Thread implements Runnable). start() Change the state of the thread from SUSPENDED to RUNNABLE. sleep(int millisecs) Cause the thread to enter the SUSPENDED state for the specified time. yield() Causes the thread to enter the READY state and invoke the scheduler. destroy() Destroy the thread.
Figure 7.9 Java thread synchronization calls
thread.join(int millisecs) Blocks the calling thread for up to the specified time until thread has terminated. thread.interrupt() Interrupts thread: causes it to return from a blocking method call such as sleep(). object.wait(long millisecs, int nanosecs) Blocks the calling thread until a call made to notify() or notifyAll() on object wakes the thread, or the thread is interrupted, or the specified time has elapsed. object.notify(), object.notifyAll() Wakes, respectively, one or all of any threads that have called wait() on object.
Figure 7.10 Scheduler activations
Proc es s A
Proc es s B Proc es s Kernel
P added SA preempted SA unblock ed SA block ed
Virtual proc ess ors
Kernel
P idle P needed
A. Ass ignm ent of v irtual proc es sors to process es
B. Ev ents between user-lev el scheduler & kernel Key : P = proces sor; SA = sc heduler activ ation
Figure 7.11 Invocations between address spaces

(a) Sy stem c all Thread Control trans fer v ia trap instruc tion Control trans fer v ia priv ileged ins truc tions Us er Kernel Protec tion domain boundary
(b) R PC/RMI (within one c omputer)
Thread 1
Thread 2
Us er 1
(c) R PC/RMI (between computers)
Kernel
Us er 2
Thread 1
Network
Thread 2
Us er 1 Kernel 1 Kernel 2
Us er 2
Figure 7.12 RPC delay against parameter size
RPC delay
Requested data size (by tes ) 0 1000 Pack et size 2000
Figure 7.13 A lightweight remote procedure call
Client
Serv er
A stac k
A 4. Ex ecute proc edure and copy res ults
1. Copy args
Us er Kernel
stub
stub
2. Trap to Kernel
3. Upc all
5. Return (trap)
Figure 7.14 Times for serialized and concurrent invocations

Serialis ed inv ocations proces s args mars hal Send Concurrent inv ocations
proces s args mars hal Send trans mis sion proces s args mars hal Send Receiv e unmarshal ex ec ute reques t mars hal Send Receiv e unmarshal proces s results Receiv e unmarshal proces s results Receiv e unmarshal ex ec ute reques t mars hal Send
Receiv e unmarshal proces s results proces s args mars hal Send
Receiv e unmarshal ex ec ute reques t mars hal Send Receiv e unmarshal ex ec ute reques t mars hal Send
tim e
Receiv e unmarshal proces s results Client Serv er Client Serv er
Figure 7.15 Monolithic kernel and microkernel
S4
....... S1 S2 S3 S4 .......
S1
S2
S3
.......
Key : Serv er:
Monolithic Kernel
Microk ernel
Kernel c ode and data:
Dy namic ally loaded s erv er program:
Figure 7.16 The role of the microkernel
Middleware Language support subs y stem Language support subs y stem Microkernel Hardware OS emulation subs y stem
....
The microkernel support s middleware via subsystems
Figure 7.17 The architecture of Xen
18
Figure 7.18 Use of rings of privilege
19
Figure 7.19 Virtualization of memory management
20
Figure 7.20 Split device drivers
21
Figure 7.21 I/O rings
22
Figure 7.22 The XenoServer Open Platform Architecture
23

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Chapter 7 Slides

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Slides for Chapter 7: Operating System support

From Coulouris, Dollimore, Kindberg and Blair

Distributed Systems: Concepts and Design

Figure 7.1 System layers

Applications, serv ic es Middleware

OS: kernel, libraries & serv ers

Figure 7.2 Core OS functionality

Communic ation manager

Thread m anager Superv is or

Figure 7.3 Address space

Figure 7.4 Copy-on-write

Process As address space

Process Bs address space

Kernel Shared frame

A's page table

Figure 7.5 Client and server with threads

T1 Requests N threads Client Server

work ers I/O remote objec ts

per-c onnec tion threads

per-objec t threads I/O remote objec ts

Figure 7.7 State associated with execution environments and threads

Figure 7.8 Java thread constructor and management methods

Figure 7.9 Java thread synchronization calls

Figure 7.10 Scheduler activations

Proc es s B Proc es s Kernel

P added SA preempted SA unblock ed SA block ed

Virtual proc ess ors

A. Ass ignm ent of v irtual proc es sors to process es

Figure 7.11 Invocations between address spaces

(b) R PC/RMI (within one c omputer)

Figure 7.12 RPC delay against parameter size

Requested data size (by tes ) 0 1000 Pack et size 2000

Figure 7.13 A lightweight remote procedure call

A 4. Ex ecute proc edure and copy res ults

Figure 7.14 Times for serialized and concurrent invocations

Receiv e unmarshal proces s results proces s args mars hal Send

Receiv e unmarshal proces s results Client Serv er Client Serv er

Figure 7.15 Monolithic kernel and microkernel

Key : Serv er:

Kernel c ode and data:

Dy namic ally loaded s erv er program:

Figure 7.16 The role of the microkernel

The microkernel support s middleware via subsystems

Figure 7.17 The architecture of Xen

Figure 7.18 Use of rings of privilege

Figure 7.19 Virtualization of memory management

Figure 7.20 Split device drivers

Figure 7.21 I/O rings

Figure 7.22 The XenoServer Open Platform Architecture

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